OOZTSTTIEISrTS 



I. MANUAL. 

Climate, Soil and Aspect ; Meterological and other influences affecting the Grape 

Historical Notes. Attempts to cultivate the European Grape; their failure. Why we must look to 

indigenous spedes for success 

Classification ot the true Grape-vines of the United Slates, by Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, Mo., 

with our Viticultural Remarks, and a table of Grape-seeds 

Location. Preparing the soil; Planting; Number of Vines per Acre 

Grafting 

Planting:. (Continued.) Heeling in; Manure 

Training-. Treatment during first year. Trellis or Stakes. Cultivating 

Treatment during Second and Tnird Seasons ; Tying 

Spring or Summer Pruning 

Fall or Winter Pruning, and Subsequent ^Management 

Diseases of the Grape 

Insects Injurious to the Grape 

Gathering-, Packing, Preserving and Wine Making 



Pa ge 

I 

2, 3 

4—12 

13, 14 

15-18 

18 

19—20 

21 

21—23 

24 

25 

26 

31 



II. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



The Standard names are in small capitals— (the more prominent varieties in LARGE CAPITALS); the Synonymous 
names in Italics; Discarded old varieties, and undissemiuated novelties, in ordinary type. 
Varieties marked by a * are illustrated. 



Adirondac 




Page. 
33 












33 


AGAWAM* 

Aiken. 




34 

60 






35 






35 






33 


Allen's Hybrids. 




35 






35 


Amanda 




35 






71 


AMLN1A 




35 






35 


Arnold's Hybrid, No. 1 
Arnold's hybrid, No. 5* 
Arnold's hybrid, No, 16*.. 


36 
69 
44 
36 
39 
40 



Arrot 36, 41 

Aughwick 36 

August Pioneer 36 

A.UTUCHON* 36 



Baker (Isabella). . . . 
Baldwin Lenoir. . . . 
Balsiger's .No. 32. . . 

Barnes 

Harry 

Baxter 

Belvidkre 

Berks 

Birds Egg 

Black (Jape 

Black Defiance. 



60 

36 

43 
36 
37 
37 
37 
37 
37 
33 
37 

Black Eagle* 37—38 

Black German 80 

Black Hawk 37 

Black July 48 

Black King 37 

Black Muscadine 64 

Black Upanith. 69 



Page. 

Bland 37 

Bland's Madeira 37 

Bland's Pale Red 37 

Bland' s Virginia 37 

Blood's Black 37 

Bloom 43 

Blue Dyer 37 

Blue Favorite 37 

Blue Grape. 48 

Blue Imperial 37 

Bogue's Eureka 60 

Bottsi . 39 

Brandt* 39 

Brandy wine 2 

Brinkle 2 

Brighton 39 

Brown 60 

Bull or Bullact* 73 

Bullit (Taylor) 75 

Burgundy of Ga 70 

Burroughs'.. 39 

Burton ' s Early 39 

Cambridge 39 

Camden 39 

Canada* 40 

Lanby's August 80 

Gape 33 

Gat ter. 76 

Cassady 41 

CATAWBA 40 

Gutawba 7 okay 40 

Gatawis-a 41, 43 

Challenge 41 

Champion, Early 41, 76 

Charlotte*; 41 , 50 

Charter Oak 41 

Christie's Improved 60 

Christine 75 

Cigar Box 69 

Clara* 41 

Claret 41 

Clifton's Constantia 33 

[Continued on third page <>fcvi\r.\ 



Pa«e 

CLIN TON 42 

Cloanthe 60 

Clover Street Black 41 

Clover Street Bed 42 

Columbia 42 

Columbia, County 43 

CONCORD 42 

Concokd Chasselas 43 

Concord Muscat. 44 

Concord hybrid, No. 6 76 

Constantia 33 

Conqueror 44 

Cornucopia* 44 

Cottage 43 

Cowan. 43 

CREVKLING 43 

Croton 45 

CUNNINGHAM* 45, 46 

Cuyahoga. . ..' 44 

CYNTHIANA* 47 

Dana 48 

DELAWARE* .'. 49 

Delaware Hybrids 13, 80 

Detroit 48 

Devereux 48 

DIANA* 50 

Diana Hamburg 48 

Don Juan 48 

Downing 51 

Dracut Amber 51 

Early Champion 41, 76 

Early Hudson 51 

Elizabeth 51 

Elsinburgh 61 

Elsinboi o' 51 

ELVIRA 51 

Emily 2 

E.ssex 51 

EUMELAN*. 52 

Eureka 54 

Eva 43 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 



$t. I<oui^ Wiqtef G^fdei), 

COB. MAGNOLIA AND TOWER QROVE AVENUES, SOUTH OF SHAW'S BOTANICAL, GARDEN. 







H. MICHEL & CO., 



ct 



* fll 



*C$ VL lift W m feS %H* 



iff &8t .^ 5f 



No. 107 N. FIFTH STREET, ST. LOUIS. 



GARDEN-SEED AND PLANT CATALOGUES free to all applicants. 



BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 



1 Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern 



LANDS FOR SALE 

SUITABLE FOB 

GRAPES AND OTHER FRUIT. 



The St. Louis, Iron mountain & Southern Railway Company has for sale on 
or near the line of its Railroad, a variety of lands, both in Missouri and Arkansas. The hill lands 
of Stoddard County, Mo., and of several counties in Arkansas, south of Little Rock, are well 
adapted to the Cultivation of Grapes and Peaches. The sandy loams of Scott county, Mo., are 
well adapted to the cultivation of Vegetables and the Smaller Fruits. The climate is mild, and 
the spring being early, fruits and vegetables can be sent to the St. Louis Market quite in advance 
of the local productions. 

The Company is offering for sale, on easy terms of payment, 1,500,000 acres of Land 
in the two States. 

Parties purchasing land of the Company get a reduction from the 
regular passenger rates, of 50 per cent. 

Application may be made to THOMAS ESSEX, Esq., at the Company's Office in St. Louis, or to 

JAMES M. LOUGHBOROUGH, ESQ., 

Land Cotnmissioiier, 
LITTLE ROCK, A-RZKl. 



At Low Prices and on Favorable terms. In JEFFERSON COUNTY MO. 

EXCELLENT SOIL AND CHOICE LOCATIONS FOR 

Vineyards, Orchards and Stock-raising;. Good Uplands, well Timbered, healthy, 

with abundant Springs. 

I own about one thousand acres, in different tracts, all within thirty miles of St. Louis, having 
Railroad facilities and easy access to market. I will sell in tracts of from 40 acres, upwards, 
to suit purchasers. Being desirous to dispose of some of my surplus lands, with a view to build 
new wine cellars and to make other improvements at BUSHBERG, I shall give purchasers a rare 
bargain. For particulars apply to ISIDOR BUSH, 

Or at Bushberg, Jefferson Co , Mo. S. E. cor. Fourth & Elm sts, St. Louis. 



BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 



A BEAUTIFUL TRACT OF LAND AND RESIDENCE 

On the Iron Mountain Railroad, 

(Adjoining the Bushberg Vineyards.) 

Only 25 miles from St. Louie ; 150 yards from the Depot, 

CONTJ±.TNINGr 73 ACRES, 

Of which about twenty-five acres are in bearing vineyards, and about twenty-five acres more 
in cultivation, and all well fenced. Soil excellent, location unsurpassed for health and beauty. 

The elegant, well built, and easily accessible 

TWO STORY STONE DWELLING HOUSE, 

Contains six rooms and commands a magnificent view for many miles up and down the Missis- 
sippi river, making it a most desirable place and residence for a country gentleman. 

It will oe sold Low to a Responsible Person, and on Easy Terms. 

For further particulars, apply to 

FRANK BLOCK 

No. 313 Olive Street, St. Louis. 



Grape Vines. 



The Largest and most complete Collection 
in the United States. 

We desire to call the attention of Grape - 
growers, Amateurs, and the Trade, to 
onr Specialty — 

HARDY AMERICAN GRAPE-VINES, 

Which we offer in large quantities, at very low 
prices, taking quality in consideration. 

Genuineness guaranteed. 

A copy of our Price Lists, issued in the Spring 
and Fall of each year, will be furnished to all 
applicants, by mail, Free; 

The new edition of our Illustr. Descriptive 
Catalogue will be sent, postpaid, upon receipt of 
25 cents. 

Address, 

BUSH & SON & MEISSNER, 

Bushberg, mo. 

Represented by 1SIDOR BUSH & CO. at St. Louis, 
By MM Bazillk & LEENHARDT ; \Montpellier, 
Blotjquier & FIL8 & Leenhardt, ) France. 



SENT FREE ON APPLICATION- 

ESSAYS OH THE CULTIVATION 



OF 



hxmt I 




BY 



CHARLES C. FULLER, 

122 Olive Street, ST. roils, iwo. 



CASH PAID FOR 

Flaxseed, Castor Beans, 

Hemp Seed, Roots, 

Herbs, Barks, &«-. 



Jjd^Send samples by mail— tied, not sealed', (postage 
one cent per ounce), and state quantity, price, and 
freight to St. Louie, in separate letter. 



BtrsHBEKG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 



COLMAN'S EUEAL WORLD. 



This weekly Farm, Fruit, Stock, and Family Paper is the acknowledged standard Agricultu- 
ral Journal of the "West. The editors and correspondents are all practical working men, and 
speak from large and varied experience and observation. 

The RURAL WORLD is a warm and earnest advocate of the Grange movement, believing 
it supplies the best school ever furnished the farmer, and it will earnestly labor to build up and 
extend this organization throughout the land. It will also just as earnestly labor to prevent it 
from being perverted from the true objects for which it was designed by its founders. 

The "RURAL WORLD" is the PARMER'S PAPER. 

TERMS FOR 1875. 

Single copy, per year $2 00 Single copy, 6 months $1 00 

In Clubs of four or more, one year 1 60 

Additions to clubs can be made at any time, and from different Post Offices. Postage will be 
prepaid by the publisher. 

B3T SEND FOB SAMPLE COPIES AND PREMIUM LIST.JgU 

Remit at our risk in Postal Orders, Registered Letters, Checks, Drafts, or by Express to 

NORMAN J. COLMAN, Publisher. 

S. W. Corner Sixth and Olive Streets, ST. LOUTS, MO. 



Einlabung pm Abontiement 

auf bie 

©cutfcfce ittuftrtrtc 

jidier- unb §<trfen6ait- 

Beitfd&rtft fur 

$an*roirtlifd)aft, 2Hel)jud)t, Cuftbmt, 

^fuinen- n, ^Stenenjudjl it. ben ;3iatnifienfireis, 

erfcbeint feit bem 3 a ^ te 1 § 70 regelmafjig onfatigS jeben OTonat?. 
£>er SlbonnemenUpreis betrftgt bet 2Jorausbejo^Iung (incluf. $orto) 

X^rnut 75 <£ent$ ptv 3aftr.°®8 

3ebe Summer tntbatt Originatarttfel fiber bit nerjdjiebentrt 
^Jroeige bet tfclfc- unb ©arttnroirthfchaft, &oItd< unb $au&> 
tolrttjfchaftlfclK 3luffd$e, foroie jonfttgert gemeinnfieigen 2efe= 
ftoff nebft 3Uuftrationen. 2Rit ber ©ecenibet^umnier roirb etn 
3n^aU5»erjei<J»niB bes 3a$rgang3 foroie ein Umfc&lag geliefert. 
SMefe ecbt t>ciiljd)'-ameritanifd)e 3 e ' , f c ^ l ''f t r°irb bereitS son [tbr 
oielen 

ncutfdjrn VanDiuirtljcn, ©artucrn, ^ribatlcutcn itfta. 

in ben Sereinigttn ©taaten gelefen unb finbet fiberatl etne freunb* 
Udjt Slufnaljnie. 

Wan jdjrtlbe nin SProbenummern, roelcfie uttentgcltlich gefanbt 
trerben. 

SB* SB. Coleman, 

Mroaufee, 2Bi$. 



BONFORT'S 
Wine and Liquor Circular, 

A SEMI-MONTHLY 

Journal and Price Current, 

FOR THE UNITED STATES; 
Puhlished at 48 Broad Street, - NEW YORK. 



Subscription per Year, $5. 



(Advertisements per line, Nonpareil, one time, 25c.) 



Now In Press — 

BON FORT'S 
Wine & Liquor Trade Directory, 

FOR THE UNITED STATES. 

Price, $10. 
Published by PHILIP BONFORT, 

No. 48 Broad Street, NEW YOBK. 



td 



f 







ELVIRA 



FROM NATURE FORTHEBUSHBERG CATALOGUE 



ILLUSTRATED 



Descriptive Catalogue 



OF 



Sii^efidkq C^ttpe-vir^ 



WITH 



BEIIEIF DIBECTIOUS FOE THEIE CULTURE 



BT 



BUSH & SON & MEISSNER, 



Successors to ) /"> /"> ( And 

ISIDOR BUSH & SON.S URAPE kjROWEPyS, ^PROPRIETORS OP THE 



©u^bef^ Vii}eyki<(M & G^kpe J^nf^erie^ 



BUSHBERG, JEFFERSON CO., MO. 



[COPYRIGHT SECURED.] I £ \j 



SAIJST LOUIS: 
THE R P. BTUDLEY CO., PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, AND MANUKA CTURING STATIONERS. 

1875. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by Bush & Son & Meissner, Bushberg, Jefferson Co., Mo. 
in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



"^ 



TO OUR CUSTOMERS. 



[FROM FIRST EDITION, 1869.] 



Our success in grape growing, and in the propa- 
gation of grape vines, has been highly satisfactory, 
in fact, far beyond our expectations. In view of 
the very great competition even of large well known 
and long established nurseries, this success is 
highly flattering, and has encouraged us to increase 
our efforts so as to produce for next season a large 
stock, not excelled by any other establishment in 
the country in quality, and embracing almost every 
valuable variety. 

We do not pretend to furnish "better and cheaper 
vines than can be afforded by any other establish- 
ment." We do not pretend that "money-making 
is secondary with us, " we leave this to others; all 
we do claim is, that we hope to merit a reasonable 
share of patronage, the continued confidence of our 
customers, and a fair profit. 

In this connection, we cannot refrain from refer- 
ring with a certain pride to the voluntary assurances 
of satisfaction we received, some of which are pub- 
lished herewith. Desiring to return our thanks to 
our customers in an appropriate ahd tangible form, 
and to respond to a desire often expressed by our 
correspondents, we concluded to present them with 
a fine Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue, wherein 
the characteristic and relative merits of our differ- 
ent varieties are clearly stated. 

We leave it to others to judge of its merits. We 
tried to get up something better than a mere price 
list, something that will be interesting and useful to 
progressive grape culturists, and have not spared 
time, labor or money in preparing it. 

It has become customary to prefix to a descrip- 



tive Catalogue of fruits and flowers some brief 
directions for their cultivation, and Ave have been 
urged to do the same. 

We are aware, however, that some short and very 
incomplete directions, "a few hints," do more harm 
than good. They generally only confuse the tyro 
or misrepresent grape growing as a very easy mat- 
ter, requiring no larger outlay of capital, nor any 
more knowledge, skill, and labor than to produce a 
crop of corn. This we do not wish to do. But on 
the other hand we are also aware that the excellent 
but somewhat costly books on grape culture, by 
Fuller, Husmann, Strong, and others, are not pur- 
chased by every grape grower, and that many of 
these are somewhat afraid of reading whole books. 
Moreover, considerable progress has been made in 
grape culture since these books were written ; their 
very authors, indefatigable horticulturists as they 
are, have by study and experience, modified their 
views on some points, but have not had time or en- 
couragement enough from their publishers to re- 
write their works for new editions, and thus we came 
to the conclusion that a short manual, containing 
plain but full directions in regard to the planting, cul- 
ture, andjtraining of Grape-vines, and offered for less 
than its cost, would be welcome. We have availed 
ourselves of the writings of our friend and teacher, 
Husmann, and of the works of Downing, Fuller, 
and many others, to whom due credit is given in 
the proper places ; and while we lay little claim to 
originalitv, we hope that this Catalogue may afford 
pleasure and profit to some, at least, of those into 
whose hands it may come. 



[INTRODUCTION TO NEW EDITION— 1875.] 



Six years, embracing the most disastrous and the 
most favorable seasons to grape culture, have 
elapsed since the first edition of this Catalogue. 
Our experience has been enriched, observations 
have been made on old, and on then untried varie- 
ties, and some very promising new varieties have 
since been added to our list, but above all, one cir- 
cumstance, the discovery of the Grape Root-louse, 
the Phylloxera, has led to a new, a radical study 
of the American Grape Vines. 

Our business as grape growers and propagators 
assumed such large dimensions that we discarded the 
culture and propagation of small fruits &c, and 
devoted all the space of our grounds, all our means, 
cares and attention to Grape Culture only and 



exclusively, for which we have unusual facilities, 
and a most favorable soil and location. This ena- 
bles us to raise a superior stock, and to make it 
more advantageous to the public, and even to the 
leading nurseries of other branches of Horticulture, 
to deal with us, whose grape nursery business is 
now admitted to be the first and most extensive of 
its kind in the United States of America. 

We owe our reputation to our determination to 
give complete satisfaction, and to deserve the en- 
tire eontidence of our. customers, furnishing none 
but good, healthy, genuine plants, unmixed, and 
true to name, packed in the best manner, at as low 
prices as possible. 

We have no seedlings of our own, and impartially 



recommend such varieties only, new or old, as have 
real superior merit, and while the demand compels 
us to disseminate some inferior varieties (Hartford 
Prolific for instance) and untried novelties, over- 
praised, perhaps, by their originators, our Descrip- 
tive Catalogue shall save the reader from some of 
the bitter disappointments which grape growers 
have so often experienced. For the sake of com- 
pleteness, and in the interest of science, we have 
added, (in smaller type) the descriptions of nearly 
all the old discarded varieties and of many new ones 
not yet tested, and not propagated by us; thus 
adding, we think, to the value of this catalogue 
(though also to its cost). 

We have carefully endeavored to avoid all undue 
praise, and to mention the shortcomings even of 
our best varieties ; especially do we desire to warn 



against the error of considering any variety flit for 
universal cultivation. To this end a study of the 
classification of our grapes in the Manual is 
earnestly recommended. Many failures will thus be 
avoided which have blasted the hopes, so prevalent 
ten years ago throughout the country, with regard 
to grape culture; and its success, now aided by a 
higher tariff on imported wines, by increased de- 
mand for the fruit and its products, by less sanguine 
expectations, and above all by better knowledge as 
to the selection of varieties, locations, and proper 
mode of culture, will be comparatively certain. 

Finally we beg to state that we have no agents 
to solicit orders for our Grape Vines. Persons who 
desire to obtain plants from us will kindly favor us 
with their orders by mail, direct, or through reliable 
Nurseries or dealers who get them from us. 



TESTIMONIALS. 



We could give a long list of names of the leading Grape-growers and Nurserymen, and of the prominent 
Horticulturists, iu this country as well as in Europe, who favored us with their commands, and to whom we 
may confidently refer; but we flatter ourselves that our name is now so widely known, and our reputation so 
well established, that this would be uuuecessary, and we confine ourselves to but a few 

EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS OF OUR CUSTOMERS. 



[FROM OUR FIRST EDITION.] 

Sr. Charles, Mo., Nov. 9th, I0G8. 
Messrs. Bush & Son : 

Gentlemen .—Hundred Rogers No. 1 came duly to hand; 
also your favor of 5th inst. The vines are fine. 

C. T. MALL1NCKRODT. 



Arlington, Mo. March, i860. 
The vines 1 got of you last fall were the best I ever saw 
sent out from a nursery— stout, healthy looking, and ex- 
cellently well rooted. C. W. GILL. 

COLLINSVILLE, ILLS ,NOV. 14. 1869. 

Dear .Sir:— The 150 Hartford grape roots came to hand 
a few days since, and were liner than any grape plants I 
have received from any one whom 1 have yet got grape 
roots of. In a word, they were fine 

GEO. A. MILLER. 



Central P<>st< >ffick, St. Loins Co., Mo , July3o. '69. 
The plants purchased of your linn this spring, compri- 
sing ten different varieties to the number of 3,000, have 
given very good satisfaction. They have all proved to 
be vigorous growers"and give promise of complete suc- 
cess for the future. CHAS. BRACHES. 

"Springfikld Nursery," Springfield. Mo.. April 10 '69. 
Gentlemen :— I have just finished planting the 4,000 grape 
vines you sold me last November. They were shipped 
so late I had some fear of frost, but they were r so well 
packed that they arrived iu the very best condition, giv- 
ing satisfaction 'in Quality also, for the whole lot are 
healthy, well rooted vines D. S. HOLMAN. 



Weston, Mo., .April 30. 1869. 
Bear Sirs:— The shipment of vines came to hand about 
the 5th of the month and have been all planted. They 
were delayed over ten days on the railroad, and 1 feared 
some of them might have been injured, but 1 am gratified 
to inform you they have nearly all lived and look well. 
The very low prices at which you sell such thrifty vines 
ought to recommend vou to the grape growers of the 
State. JNO. DONH'HAN. 

[FROM LAST SEASON, 1874.] 

Rush & Son AMkissner: 

Your invoice of March 1st came safely to band. The 

vines are all in best condition, ana growing vigorously. 

LOUIS REICH, Arles-S-Rhone, France. 

It gives m« pleasure to say that everybody concerned 
was well satisfied with the quality of the plants, and all 
unite in the request that you will send us the balance 
ordered without delay 

W. W. MINOR, JR., Charlottes ville. Va, 



The vines give entire satisfaction. I don't know when 
I haveseen more beautifully rooted plants: the tops are 
quite large enough and healthy. You have equalled ad 
my expectations, * * * * you give 

decidedly the best vines for the price I ever heard of. 

C. W. R1DGELY, Baltimore, Md. 

Genl. Lippincott received the 400 grape vines; he is 
very much pleased with the plants. 

J. M. TELLES, Chandlersville, Cass Co., Ills. 

The grape vines received in good order. I am much 
pleased with them, I must say they are the finest lot of 
vines I have ever received 

HUGH ARCHIBALD, West Salem, Ills. 



The grape vines ordered from you reached me to day 
in first rate condition. They are of excellent quality, the 
best 1 have ever received. Allow me to express my sat- 
isfaction with the manner in which the order was filled. 
RICHARD T. ALLISON, Baltimore, Md. 

1 liked the plants, and how they compared in quality 
with plants from * * * 

N. N. PALMER, Broadhead, Wise. 

The vines received this spring are splendid, and every 
one growing. 

HARRY C. ( AMPBELL, Pensacola, Fla. 



All are well pleased with the vines ; you have my best 
thanks. 

DAVID ZWEIFEL, Nillwood, Ills. 



The vines which I had from you last spring all grew 
magnificently. 

M. WUTHR1CH, Egg Harbor City, N. J. 

The vines came promptly to hand; I am well pleased. 
They are finer ones than I expected for the price 

AMOS S. COLLINS, Carrolton, La. 

The grape plants gave good satisfaction, and arrived 
in splendid condition. 

J. P. BRUBAKER, Wachusa, Ills. 

I take pleasure to tell you that the plants received from 
you last spring all look very healthy, and are making 
fine growth. I am proud to be able to recommend your 
establishment to all my friends. 

FR. BETZ, Lawrence, Kas. 

Th" vines you sent me this fall are all first cl^ss in 
every respect. — Send me your descriptive catalogue as 
soon as it is out. 

JOHN MAUP1N, Mt. Sterling, Ky. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



CLIMATE, SOIL, AND ASPECTS. 

Whether the Grape-vine is a native of Asia, 
and has followed the footsteps of man from the 
shores of the Caspian Sea, and ''intertwined its 
tendrils with civilization and refinement in 
every age," or whether the hundreds of varie- 
ties that now exist spring from different pri- 
modial forms or species, certain it is that, al- 
though'the Grape-vine may be found in Europe 
from the Tropic of Cancer to l he Bailie Sea, and 
in America from the Gulf to the Lakes, t he vine 
is nevertheless peculiarly the growth of delinite 
climatic conditions; so much so that even in its 
most adapted climate there are often seasons if 
not of actual failure, at least of an imperfect de- 
velopment of its fruit. From long and careful 
observations of temperature and moisture in 
years of success and of failure, we have finally 
arrived at some delinite conclusions respecting 
the meteorological influences affecting the 
grape.* 

1st. No matter how excellent the soil, if there 
is a less average than fifty-five degrees of tem- 
perature for the growing months of April, May 
and June, and a less average than sixty-five de- 
grees for the maturing months of July, August 
and September, there cau be no hope of suc- 
cess; and where the temperature averages sixty- 
five degrees for the former months and seventy- 
five degrees for the latter, other conditions be- 
ing equal, fruit of the greatest excellence can 
be raised, and wine of the greatest body and 
finest excellence can be produced. 

2d. When there is an average rain fall of six 



* James S. Lippincott: Climatology of American 
Grapes— Id Geography of Plants - V. S. Agr Reports, 
18b.: and liG3 —Dr. J jjtayman : The Meteorological Influ- 
ences affecting the Grape. 



inches for the months of April, May and June, 
and an average of five inches for the months of 
July, August and September, other conditions 
favorable, we cannot succeed in raising grapes. 
When the average rainfall for the first months 
is not more than four inches, and the average 
for the latter is not more than three inches, 
other conditions favorable, the hardy varieties 
can be cultivated with success. But where 
there is less average rainfall than five inches 
for April, May and June, and a less average 
than two inches in July, August and Septem- 
ber, all other conditions being favorable, fruit 
of the best quality can be raised, and wine of 
the greatest body and excellence can be made. 
The humidity of the atmosphere in some coun- 
tries, the dryness of the air in others, will, of 
course, materially change the proportion of 
rainfall required for or injurious to the grape. 
Here, a clear sky and dry atmosphere, high 
temperature and very little rainfall for the latter 
three months, and a less change of temperature 
than 50 degrees in twenty-four hours, any time 
of the year, are the most favorable conditions 
for success. 

There are only a few countries where the 
grape will, in favorable seasons, grow to per- 
fection, and there is no country in the world 
where all kinds of grapes would succeed. Spe- 
cies found iu the lower latitudes will not flour- 
ish if removed further north; the natives of 
higher latitudes will not endure the southern 
heat; the Scuppernong cannot ripen north of 
Virginia; the fox grape of the North will 
scarcely grow in the lower regions of Carolina 
and Georgia; a vine which produces delicious 
grapes in Missouri may become very inferior in 
the most favored localities of New Hampshire. 



BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE. 



Thus the climate, the mean temperature as 
well as the extremes, the length of the growing 
season, the relative amount of rain, the ameli- 
orating influence of lakes and large rivers, the 
altitude as well as the soil, have an almost in- 
credible influence on various varieties of grapes ; 
and a judicious choice of locations adapted to 
the grape, and of varieties adapted to our loca- 
tion, its climate and soil, is therefore of the first 
importance. 

Unfortunately, this has been and is even now 
but insufficiently understood. Indigenous wild 
grapes were found at the discovery of this new 
world; the legend tells us that when the Nor- 
mans first discovered this country "Hleif Eric- 
son" called the land Wineland. As early as 
1564 wine was made by the first colonists from 
the native grape in Florida. Thus during the 
previous centuries wine has occasionally been 
made in America from native grapes, and men- 
tion of it is found — (the French settlers near 
Kaskaskia, 111., made, in 1769, one hundred and 
ten hogsheads of strong wine from wild grapes) 
— "but neither the quality of the wine nor the 
price obtained for it offered sufficient induce- 
ment to persevere." — Buchanan. 

The European grape, Vitis Vinifera, was, 
therefore, considered the only true wine grape. 
A Loudon Company sent, in 1630 French vigne- 
rons into the Virginia Colony to plant grape- 
vines which they had imported for the purpose ; 
the poor vignerons were blamed for their fail- 
ure. In 1633 Wm. Penn tried to introduce ana 
cultivate European varieties in Pennsylvania, in 
vain. In 1690 a Swiss Colony, grape growers 
from the Lake of Geneva, tried to raise grapes 
and make wine in Jessamine Co.,Ky., but their 
hopes were soon frustrated, their labor and 
fund — $10,000, a large amount in those days — 
were lost; and only when they commenced to 
cultivate an indigenous grape, which they how- 
ever supposed to be from the Cape, (see Alex- 
ander) they had somewhat better success. The 
attempts with German, French, and Spanish 
vines, made again and again, proved failures. 
Hundreds of thousands, (comprising many dif- 
ferent sorts) of the best European vines were 
imported, but they all perished " from the vicis- 
situdes of the climate." Thousands of failures 
are recorded ; not one of durable success; and 
Downing was fully justified in saying: {Horti- 
culturist, Jan. 1851) " The introduction of the 
foreign grape in this country for open vineyard 
culture is impossible. Thousands of individuals 
have tried it — the result in every case has been 
the same; a season or two of promise, then 



utter failure." (Always excepting California, 
which was then almost unknown, but which is 
now the greatest wine-producing State of this 
country. All our remarks on grape culture 
refer only to the States east of the Rocky Moun- 
tains.) 

While this fact could not be denied, the cause 
remained a mystery. All pronounced the Eu- 
ropean grape as " unsuited to our soil and cli- 
mate ;" all attributed its failure to that cause. 
But we, and doubtless many others with us, 
could not help thinking that " soil and climate" 
cannot be the sole causes; for this vast country 
of ours possesses a great many locations where 
soil and climate are quite similar to that of some 
parts of Europe at least, where the Vinifera 
flourishes ; is it then reasonable to suppose that 
none of the many varieties which are grown in 
Europe under so varied climatic conditions, 
from Mainz to Naples, from the Danube to the 
Rhone, should find a congenial spot in these 
United States, embracing almost every climate 
of the temperate zone? If soil and climate were 
so unsuited, how is it that the young, tender 
European vines grow so well, so promising of 
success, tor a few seasons ; in large cities some- 
times even for several years? How explain the 
fact that the finest European varieties of other 
fruits, the pear for instance, are successfully 
grown here, and that, but for the curculio, the 
Reine Claude and German Prunes would flour- 
ish here as well as there? Slight differences of 
soil and climate might well produce marked dif- 
ferences in the constitution of the vine, perhaps 
also somewhat in the flavor and quality of the 
grapes, but could not sufficiently account for 
their absolute failure. Nevertheless our learned 
Horticulturists looked for no other cause, they 
went even so far as to teach that "if we really 
wished to acclimate the foreign grape here, we 
must go to the seeds and raise two or three new 
generations in the American soil and climate." 
In obedience to these teachings numerous fruit- 
less attempts have been made to raise here seed- 
lings of the European grape that will endure our 
climate. Like their parents, they seemed suc- 
cessful for a time * — to be soon discarded and 



* Among the seedlings of foreign grapes, raised in the 
U. S , which obtained a name and fame, aie : Brinkle and 
Emily, raised by Peter Kaabe of Philadelphia; Brandy- 
wine, originated near Wilmington, Del ; Katarka and 
Montgomery, or Meriitt's Seedling, raised by Dr W A. 
Royce, of Newburg, N. Y. To these belong also Clara 
and Weehawhen (see description). N Grein, near Her- 
mann. Mo., raised during these last years hundreds of 
young vines from imported Riesling seed; nearly all of 
them were barren, one, however, proved so far, suili- 
ciently prolific and free from disease to allow its origi- 
nator to make some wine from its fruit last fall (1S74J, 
the quality and flavor of whieh is equal to the best Riesling 
of the Rhine! 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



f orgotten. But, in the absence of any satisfac- 
tory reason for these failures, it is quite natural 
that renewed attempts were and are continually 
made.* We ourselves, imported in the spring 
of 1867, from Austria, about 300 rooted vines, 
(Veltliner, Blue Baden, Tautowina, Riesling, 
Tokay, Uva Pana, &c.,) not with expectations 
of success, but with a view to discover by care- 
ful observation, the real cause of failure, and 
knowing the true cause, to be then perhaps 
able to obviate it. The vines grew splendidly, 
but during the summer of 1869, though bearing 
some beautiful fruit, their foliage began to ex- 
hibit a yellow, sickly appearance. In 1870 many 
were dying and we almost despaired of discov- 
ering the cause, when our State Entomologist, 
Prof. C. V. Riley, informed us that a discovery 
had just been made in France, by MM Plan- 
chon and Lichtenstein: that the serious grape 
disease which had attacked their noble vine- 
yards, was caused by a root-louse, which bears 
a close resemblance to our American grape-leaf 
gall-louse, an insect long known here, but then 
more than usually abundant, actually covering 
all the Clinton foliage in 1«70. In 1871 and 
since, Prof. Riley often visited our vineyards, 
as we gave him full permission and cheerful 
assistance to unearth both diseased and healthy 
vines, native and foreign, of every kind, in order 
to examine their roots and to study the ques- 
tion. By his observations and those of Prof. 
Planchon, made by both in this country as well 
as in France, and afterwards confirmed and 
verified by all prominent naturalists, the iden- 
tity of the American insect with the one lately 
discovered in France, and of the two types, the 
gall and the root-lice, has been substantiated, 
and by this the true reason, at least the princi- 
pal cause of the absolute failure of European 
vines in this country has been discovered ;t but 
no satisfactory remedy. While the mildew, 
(Peronospora and Oidium) may be successfully 
treated with sulphur, it seems, so far, impossi- 
ble to destroy or to protect against this insect 
enemy ; while the vigorous roots of our Ameri- 
can vines enjoy a relative immunity from its in- 



'frThos. Rush, a German, planted (in 1S60) varieties of 
the Vinifera on Kelly's Island; they seemed to succeed 
the first three years remarkably well, then they died 
and were replaced by the Catawba vineyards, which his 
son still successfully cultivates. 

As late as 1S72. M. J Labiaux. at Ridgeway, North Car- 
olina, undertook to plant vineyards with 70,000 cuttings 
(principally Aramons) imported from Southern France. 
In the same vicinity, Mr. Eug. Morel, a pupil of Dr. Jules 
Guyot ttbe best authority on French grape culturei . and 
others, are also cultivating several thousands of Euro- 
pean vines— with what success remains to be seen. 

fSee ' Insects injurious to the grape-vine," at the close 
of this " Grape Manual." 



juries, the pest thrives on the tender roots of the 
European vines, which readily succumb. 

The French Commission, in its report to the 
Viticultural Congress, held at Montpellier, Oct. 
1874, came to the conclusion that: " In presence 
of the non-success obtained from all attempts 
made since 1868, with a view to preserve or cure 
our vines, and feeling that after six years of ef- 
forts in this direction, no process, except sub- 
mersion, has been found effective, many persons 
are quite discouraged, and see in the American 
vines, whether justly so or not, the only plank 
of safety." How much more, then, must we 
look to species which we find indigenous here, 
and their descendants, for success in grape cul- 
ture. 

A knowledge of the distinctive permanent 
characters of our species, and a proper classifi- 
cation of our varieties, referable to them, is of 
far more importance than is generally sup- 
posed.* And while many grape growers may 
skip over the following pages as useless, we 
hope that some of them will thank us for em- 
bodying in this catalogue, the valuable treatise 
on this subject by the best living authority — Dr. 
G. Englemann. Twenty-five years ago Robert 
Buchanan wrote in his valuable little book on 
the culture of the grape : " The perfection of a 
definite arrangement of all our varieties must 
remain for future labors, but it is to be hoped 
an end so desirable, will not be lost sight of." 
In connection with the question of the relative 
susceptibility of our grape-vines to the attacks 
of Phylloxera, this end has become still more 
desirable, aye, of first importance. 



*Even Mr. A. S. Fuller, in his excellent Treatise on 
the Grape Culture, written in 1866, said: " Practically it 
is of little consequence what view is taken of these un- 
usual forms (of distinct species, or marked varieties of 
the species), as the cultivator is interested in them only 
as varieties, and it is of no particular moment to him 
whether we have one hundred or only one native spe- 
species." We are satisfied that he considers it of far 
more consequence now. Moreover, the descriptions of 
varieties become far more complete and intelligible by 
referring these to the species to which they respectively 
belong. Being acquainted with the distinct character- 
istic peculiarities of each species, it becomes superflu- 
ous to mention in a grape oi the .Estivalis class that it is 
free from foxiness, or if of the Labrusca class, that its 
foliage is wooly beneath, &c. 



BUSH BERG CATALOGUE. 



The True Grape-vines of the United States. 

BY DR. G. ENGELMANN. 

The Grape-vines are among the most variable 
plants, not only through cultivation, by which 
numberless varieties have been produced, but 
even in their wild state, in which climate, soil, 
shade, humidity, and perhaps natural hybridi- 
zation, have originated such a multiplicity and 
such an intermixture of forms, that it is most 
difficult to recognize the original types and to 
refer the different given forms to their proper 
alliances. Only by carefully studying a large 
number of forms from all parts of the country, 
in their peculiar mode of growth, and especially 
their fructification, or rather their seeds, are we 
able to arrive at any thing like a satisfactory 
disposition of these plants. 

Before I proceed to the classification of our 
Gi'ape-vines, I deem it necessary to make a few 
preliminary remarks : 

All the true Grape-vines bear fertile flowers 
on one stock, and sterile flowers on another 
separate stock, and are, therefore, called poly- 
gamous, or, not quite correctly, dioscious. The 
sterile plants do bear male flowers with 
abortive pistils, so that while they never pro- 
duce fruit themselves, they may assist in fer- 
tilizing the others; the fertile flowers, how- 
ever are hermaphrodites, containing both or- 
gans and capable of ripening fruit without 
the assistance of the male plants.* Real female 
flowers, without any stamens, do not seem ever 
to have been observed. Both forms, the male 
and the hermaphrodite, or if preferred, those 
with sterile and those with complete flowers, 
are found mixed in the native localities of the 
wild plants, but only the fertile plants have 
been selected for cultivation, and thus it hap- 
pens that to the cultivator only these are known, 



* These fertile plant* however, are of two kinds; some 
are perfect hermaphrodites, with long and stiaig t stain* ns 
around the pistil; the others be.»r smaller siamens, 
shorter than the pistil, which so n bend downward and 
curve under it ; these may be called imperfect hermaphro- 
dites, approaching females, and they do hot seem to be 
as fruitful as the perfect hermaphr. dites, unless other- 
wise fertilized. 

It is proper here, to insist on the fact that nature has 
not produced the male plants without a definite object, 
and this object is, without any doubt, found in the 
more perfect fertilization of the hermaphrodite flow- 
ers, as it is a well established tact that such cross 
fertilization products more abundant and healthier 
fruit. Vinegfjwers might take a hint from these ob- 
servations am! plant a few mule stocks in their vine- 
yards, say 1 to 10 or .Mi of their fertile stocks, and might 
expect fi'oni such a course healthier fruit, which proba- 
bly would resist rotund ot In r diseases better than fruit 
grown in the ordinary way I would expect such bene- 
ficial influence especially in all varieties that bave short 
Stamens, such as the Taylor. Male stocks can be easily 
obtained either in the woods or from seeds. It is of 
course understood that the males ought to belong to the 
same species (not necessari y to the same variety), as 
the fertile plants of the same vineyard. European vine 
growers may also profit by this suggestion. 



and as the Grape-vine of the Old World has 
been in cultivation for thousands of years, it has 
resulted that this hermaphrodite character of 
its flowers has been mistaken for a botanical pe- 
culiarity, by which it was to be distinguished, 
not only from our American Grape-vines, but 
also from the wild grapes of the Old "World. 
But plants raised from the seeds of this, as well 
as of any other true Grape-vine, generally fur- 
nish as many sterile as fertile specimens, while 
those produced by layering or cuttings, of 
course only propagate the individual character 
of the mother-plant. 

The peculiar disposition of the tendrils in the 
Grape-vines, first indicated by Prof. A. Braun, 
of Berlin, furnishes an important characteristic 
for the distinction of one of our most commonly 
cultivated species, Vitis Labrusca, its wild and 
its cultivated varieties, from all others. In this 
species — and it is the only true Vitis exhibiting 
it — the tendrils (or their equivalent, an inflores- 
cence), are found opposite each leaf, and this ar- 
rangement I designate as continuous tendrils. 
All the other species, known to me, exhibit a 
regular alternation of two leaves, each having a 
tendril opposite it, with a third leaf without 
such a tendril, and this arrangement may be 
named intermittent tendrils. Like all vegetable 
characters, this is not an absolute one; to ob- 
serve it well it is necessary to examine well- 
grown canes found in early summer, and neither 
sprouts of extraordinary vigor nor stunted au- 
tumnal branchlets. The few lowest leaves of a 
cane* have no opposite tendrils, but after the 
second or third leaf the regularity in the ar- 
rangement of the tendrils, as above described, 
rarely fails to occur. In weak branches we 
sometimes find tendrils irregularly placed oppo- 
site leaves, or, sometimes, none at all. 

It is a remarkable fact, connected with this 
law of vegetation, that most Grape-vines bear 
only two inflorescences (consequently two 
bunches of grapes) upon the same cane, while 
iu the forms belonging to Labrusca there are 
often three, and sometimes, in vigorous shoots, 
four or five, or rarely, even six in succession, 
each opposite a leaf. Whenever, in rare cases, 
in other species, a third or fourth infloresence 
occurs, there will always be found a barren leaf 
(without an opposite inflorescence) between the 
second and third ones. 

Young seedlings of all the Grape-vines are 
glabrous or only very slightly hairy. The cob- 
webby or cottony down, so characteristic of 
some species, makes its appearance only in the 
older or in the adult plants ; but in some of their 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



varieties, and not rarely in the cultivated ones, 
it is mainly observed in the young growth of 
spring and is apt to disappear in the mature 
leaf; but even then such leaves are never shin- 
ing as the}* are in the glabrous species, but have 
a dull or unpolished, or even wrinkled surface. 

The form of the leaves is extremely variable, 
and descriptions must necessarily remain vague. 
Leaves of seedling plants are all entire, i. e. not 
lobed; young shoots from the base of old stems, 
as a rule, have deeply and variously lobed 
leaves, even where the mature plant shows no 
such disposition. Some species * or some forms 
of a few species f have all the leaves more or 
less lobed, while others exhibit on the mature 
plant only entire, or, I should rather say, not 
lobed leaves. Only the leaves of flower-bearing 
canes ought to be considered as the normal ones. 

The surface ot the leaves is glossy and shining, 
and mostly bright green ; or it is dull above and 
more or less glaucous below. The glossy leaves 
are perfectly glabrous, or they often bear, es- 
pecially on the nerves of the lower side, a pu- 
bescence of short hair. The dull leaves are cot- 
tony or cobwebby, downy on both or only on 
the under side; and this down often extends to 
the young branches and to the peduncles, but 
as lias been stated above, often disappears later 
in the season. 

Not much of a distinctive character can be 
made out of the flowers. It is observed, how- 
ever, that in some forms the stamens are not 
longer than the pistil, and very soon bend under 
it, while in other forms they are much longer 
than the pistil, and remain straight till they fall 
off. It is possible that those with short stamens 
are less fertile than the others'. 

The time of flowering is quite characteristic 
of our native species, and it seems that the cul- 
tivated varieties retain herein the qualities of 
their native ancestors. The different forms of 
Biparia and Cordifolia flower first of all; next 
comes Labrusca and its relatives, and the last 
flowering species is JEstivalis. If we are per- 
mitted to judge from a few isolated observations, 
Vinifera flowers later than Labrusca, and a lit- 
tle earlier than JEstivalis. Biparia begins to 
open its flowers, according to the season, from 
one to over two weeks earlier than the first 
blossoms of iEstivalis are seen in the same local- 
ity. In favorably situated vineyards in the vi- 
cinity of St. Louis, the first grape-vines (Bipa- 
ria), begin to bloom between May 10th and 28th 
and the last (^Estivalis) , end between June 1st 

* Vitis Biparia. 
tForms of Vitis Labrusca and of Vitis JEstivalis. 



and 15th; and we are not likely to have here 
any grape-vines in bloom before May 10th, nor 
after June 15th.* 

One of the botanical characters of the Grape- 
vines is found in the seeds. The bunches may 
be larger or smaller, looser or more compact, 
branched (shouldered) or more simple, condi- 
tions which, to a great extent, depend on soil 
and exposure; the berries may be larger or 
smaller, of different color and consistency, and 
contain fewer or more seeds (never more than 
four), but the seeds, though to some extent va- 
riable, especially on account of their number 
and mutual pressure, where more than one is 
present, exhibit some reliable differences. f The 
big top of the seed is convex or rounded, or it 
is more or less deeply notched. The thin lower 
end of the seed, the beak, is short and abrupt, 
or it is more or less elongated. On the inner 
(ventral) side are two shallow longitudinal de- 
pressions. Between them is a ridge, slight 
where there are one or two seeds, or sharper 
where the seeds are in threes or fours; along 
this ridge the raphe (the attached funiculus or 
cord) runs from the hilum, at the beak, over 
the top of the seed, and ends on its back in 
an oval or circular well-marked spot, called 
by botanists chalaza. This raphe is on that 
ridge represented by a slender thread, which 
on the top and back of the seed is entirely indis- 
tinct, or scarcely perceptible, or it is more or 
less prominent, like a thread. In our Amer- 
ican species these characters seem pretty reli- 
able, but in the varieties of the old world grape- 
vine ( Vinifera) , several thousands of years re- 
moved from their native sources, the form of 
the seed has also undergone important modifi- 
cations, and can no longer be considered such a 
safe guide as in our species. 

The annexed cuts of 18 grape seeds illustrate 
the different characters which have been men- 
tioned above. The figures are magnified four 
times, (4 diameters), accompanied by an outline 
of natural size, all represent the back of the 
dry seed. 

Figs. 1 to 3. Vitis ^Estivalis with the raphe 
and the more or less circular chalaza strongly 
developed; the seeds are from wild grapes 
gathered about St. Louis, the seeds of the cul- 

* V. Vulpina blooms even later than iEstivalis, in the 
South ; it does not grow here. 

These remarks are thrown out, more to induce grape 
growers to devote some attention to such observations, 
than as definitely settling these points. 

t A single seed is always thicker, plumper, more 
rounded; two seeds are flattened on the inner, rounded 
on the outer side ; three or four seeds are more slender 
and angular; these different variations may sometimes 
he found in berries of the same bunch. 



6 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



tivated forms are very similar; figs. 1 and 2 are 
from berries with 1 and 2 seeds, fig. 3 from a 
larger 4-seeded berry. 

Figs. 4 to 7. VitisRiparia from wild plants ; 
figs. 4 and 5 from Goat Island on the Niagara 
Falls: fig. 4 a single broad seed; fig. 5 from a 
3-seeded berry; fig. 6 from a 2-seeded berry 
from the shores of Lake Champlain, in Ver- 
mont; fig. 7, seed of the June grape from the 
banks of the Mississippi below St. Louis. The 
seeds are obtuse, or very slightly depressed on 
top, chalaza rather flat, elongated and gradu- 
ally lost in a groove which encloses the scarcely 
prominent laphe. The seeds of the true Vitis 
Cordifolia are similar, but usually with a more 
prominent raphe, somewhat intermediate be- 
tween JEstivalis and Riparia. 

Figs. 8 and 9. Taylor-Bullit and Clinton, 
both believed to be cultivated forms of Ripa- 
ria, with seeds larger, but of the same shape. 

Fig. 10. Delaware, with broad, notched 
seeds, indistinct raphe and rather flat chalaza — 
appears intermediate between Riparia and La- 
brusca. 

Figs. 11 and 12. Vitis Labrusca. Fig. 11 a 
native of the District of Columbia and fig. 12 of 
the mountains of East Tennessee. Seeds large, 
notched; chalaza more depressed in the first 
than in the second; no raphe is seen in the 
groove which extends fi'om the chalaza to the 
notch. 

Fig. 13. Vitis Candicans, from Texas, simi- 
lar to the last, seeds broader, with shorter 
beak, less distinctly notched, no raphe visible. 
Fig. 14. Vitis Vulpina, from South Carolina, 
a very distinct seed, flatter, with straighter 
sides, short beak, wrinkled on both surfaces, 
notched on top, narrow chalaza, no visible raphe. 
Figs. 15 to 18. Vitis Vinifera, from Europe, 
different forms, which are introduced here for 
comparison with the American species. Fig. 
15, Brusca, the native species of Tuscany 
(Northern Italy) ; fig. 16, Riesling, cultivated 
on the banks of the Rhine; fig. 17, Qutedel 
(Chasselas), from the same region; fig. 18, 
Black Hamburg, from a grapery near London. 
All these seeds, different as they are among 
themselves, are easily distinguished from all 
American grape-seeds, by the narrower and 
usually longer beak (or lower part), and espec- 
ially by the large, though not very prominent 
chalaza, which occupies the upper, and not the 
middle part of the seed. These four specimen 
seeds represent the principal forms, but not all 
European grape seeds agree entirely with them. 



v. AESTIVALIS. 
Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 



Fig. 3. 





(j) \j® «r<p 



V. RIPARIA 

Fig. 7. 



CLINTON. 
Fig 9. 




V. LABRUSCA. 

Fig. 11. Fig. 12. 



DELAWARE. 
Fig .10. 




V. VULPINA V. CANDICANS. V. VINIFERA. 

Fig 14. Fig 13. Fig. 15. Brusca. 




VITIS VINIFERA. 
Fig. 16, Riesling. Fig. 17, Chasselas. Fig. 18. Bl. Hamb'g. 




GRAPE MANUAL. 



It is interesting to know that since the times 
of Linnaeus and of Michaux, not a single real 
species has been added to those belonging to the 
territory of the old United States, east of the 
Mississippi river, though Rafinesque, LeConte 
and perhaps others, have attempted to distinguish 
and characterize a great many more ; while Di- 
rector Regel, of the St. Petersburg botanic gar- 
den, has lately attempted, rather unnaturally, 
to contract them and unite them with old world 
species — Vitis Vinifera, resulting, according to 
his views, from the hybridization of several of 
these species.* 

The number of true Grape-vines (with petals 



*The Grape-vine of the Old World, Vitis Vinifera, 
Linnaeus, finds its place in this section, between Vitis 
Riparia and Vitis jEstivalis. Though many of its cul- 
tivated varieties bear berries as large, or even larger 
than those of any of our American Grape-vines, other 
cultivated forms, and especially the true wine-grapes, 
those from which the best wines are obtained, and also 
the wild or naturalized ones, have fruit not larger than 
that of the above named native species. 

This plant, together with the VVheat. belongs to those 
earliest acquisitions of cultivation, the history of which 
reaches oeyond the most aucient written records. Not 
only have the sepulchres of the mummies of ancient 
Egypt preserved us its fruit (large sized berries) and 
seed, but its seeds have even been discovered in the lu- 
custrian habitations of northern Italy. It is a mooted 
question, whereto look for the native country ot this 
plant, and whether or not we owe the different varie- 
ties of our present Vinifera, to one or to several countries, 
and to one or to several original wild species, which, 
by cultivation through uncounted ages, and by acci- 
den al and repeated hybridization, may have produced 
the numberless forms now known, which remind us so 
forcibly of the numerous forms of our Dog, which we 
also cannot trace, but which can scarcely be derived 
from a single (.-upposed) original wild species. Director 
Kegel of St. Petersburg, ascribes them to the intermin- 
gling of a few species, well known in their wild state at 
this day; Prot. Brauu, of Berlin, suggests that they are 
the offspring of distinct species yet found wild in many 
parts of Southern Europe aud Asia, which thus he con- 
siders not the accidental offspring of the cultivated 
plants, as is generally believed, but the original parent 
stock 1 may add, from my own investigations, that 
the Grape-vine which inhabits the uative forests 01 the 
low banks of the Danube, " bottom- woods." as we 
would call them, from Vienna down into Hungary, 
well represents our Vitis Cordi/olia and Jiiparia, with 
its stems :>, 6 aud 9 inches thick, and climbing on the 
highest trees, its smooth and shining, scarcely lobed 
leaves and its small, black berries. On the other hand, 
the wild grape of the thickets of the hilly countries of 
Tuscany and Rome, with its lower growth, downy 
leaves, and larger and more palatable fruit, which 'don't 
make a bad wine,' as an Italian botanist expresses him- 
self, reminds us, notwithstanding the smaller size of 
the leaves, ol our Vitis yEdivalis. It was known to 
the ancients as Labn/sca, a name improperly applied 
by science to the American species, and is called by 
the natives to this day Brusca. The Grape-vines of 
the countries south ol the Caucasus mountains, the an- 
cient Colchis, the reputed original home of these plants, 
greatly resemble the Italian plant just described. 

The European Grape-vine is characterized by smooth- 
ish, and, when young, shining, more or less deeply, 
five or even seven lobed leaves; lobes pointed and 
sharply toothed; seeds mostly notched at the upper 
end; beak elongated; raphe indistinct; chalaza broad, 
high up the seed. In some varieties the leaves and 
branch.ets are hairy and even downy when young; the 
seeds vary considerably in thickness and length, less so 
in the shape ot the raphe. 



cohering at the top and separating at the base, 
so that the corolla falls off without expanding; 
and with edible fruit,) in the present territory 
of the United States, considered good species, 
is limited to nine, which may be enumerated 
thus: 

I. Grape-vines with loose shreddy hark., 
climbing by the aid of branched tendrils, or, 
(in No. 1,) without tendrils, and not climbing 
at all. 

a Berries small, 3 — 6 or rarely 7 lines in diame- 
ter, (in No. 7 larger,) seeds more or less rounded 
on the top, with the raphe often more or less 
prominent on the top and back, or inconspicu- 
ous. All the species of this group have (on 
well grown shoots), intermittent tendrils. 

1. Vitis Rupestris, Scheele. 

Bush-grape or Sand-grape. 

2. Vitis Coudifolia, Michaux. 

AVinter or Frost-grape. 

3. VITIS RIPARIA, Michaux. 

Riverside grape. 

4. Vitis Auizonica, Eugelmann. 

Arizona-grape. 

5. Vitis Californica, Bentham. 

California-grape. 

6. VITIS ^STIVALIS, Michaux. 

Summer-grape. 

7. Vitis Candicans, Eugelmann. 

Mustang-grape, of Texas. 

b Berries large, 7 — 9 or even 10 lines in diam- 
eter; raphe scarcely visible on the more or less 
deeply notched top of the seed; tendrils con- 
tinuous. 

8. VITIS LABRUSCA, Linnaeus. 

Northern Fox Grape. 

II. Grape-vines with (on the younger branches), 
firmly adhering bark, which only in the 
older stems scales off ; aerial roots from in- 
clined trunks in damp localities; tendrils in- 
termittent, simple; berries very large, (7-10 
lines thick,) very few in a bunch, easily detach- 
ing themselves at maturity ; seeds with 
transverse wrinkles or shallow grooves on 
both sides. 

9. VITIS VULPINA, Linnaeus. 

Southern Fox Grape, or Muscadine. 

It will be seen that the first four species are 
more or less glabrous, the next four more or 
less woolly or cottony; the ninth again glabrous. 
The first 6ix have smaller berries, the others 
larger ones. The practically useful American 
Grape-vines, are principally Nos. 3, 6, 8 and 9, 
distinguished in the above list by large capitals. 

The following descriptions of these species, 
arranged in the order of their importance to our 



8 



BTJSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 



grape culture, are taken from Dr. Engelmann's 
publication (in C. V. Kiley's Sixth Entomolog- 
ical report), revised by himself for our Manual. 
The Viticultural Remarks, with list of varie- 
ties to each species, are derived from other 
sources (principally from Wm. Saunders' U. S. 
Agr. Report, 1869), and from our own observa- 
tions. 



Vitis .aestivalis, Michaux. Climbing over 
bushes and small trees by the aid of forked, 
intermittent tendrils; leaves large (4 — 5 or 6 
inches wide), of firm texture, entire, or often 
more or less deeply and obtusely 3—5 lobed, 
with rounded sinus and with short and broad 
teeth ; when young always very woolly or cot- 
tony, mostly bright red or rusty; at last 
smoothish but dull, and never shining like 
Riparia; berries usually larger than in this 
species, coated with a distinct bloom, and, when 
well grown, in compact bunches; seeds usually 
2 or 3, rounded on top, with a very prominent 
raphe. {Fig. 1-3.) 

This is the well-known Summer Grape com- 
mon throughout the Middle and Southern 
States, usually found on uplands and in dry, 
open woods or thickets, maturing its fruit in 
September. It is the most variable of our grape- 
vines, and hence has seduced superficial ob- 
servers into the establishment of numerous 
nominal species. A form with large leaves 
which retain their rusty down at full maturity 
has often been mistaken for Labrusca, which 
does not grow in the Mississippi Valley. An- 
other form, more bushy than climbing, with 
deeply lobed rusty-downy leaves and sweet 
fruit, is Vitis Lincecumii of the sandy soils of 
Louisiana and Texas, often called Post Oak 
Grape. Vitis Monticola, the Mountain Grape 
of Texas, is a form with small entire leaves (the 
down of which at last is gathered in little tufts) 
and large acidulous berries. When this species 
gets into shady woods it assumes a peculiar form, 
approaching V. Cordifolia through its smaller 
black berries, without bloom, with more acid 
taste, and in larger bunches. Another form 
with ashy-white, downy, scarcely lobed leaves, 
and fruit like the last mentioned, which grows 
in our bottoms, often climbing high trees, or 
growing over bushes on the banks of lakes, I 
have distinguished by the name of Cinerea. It 
is not always easy to distinguish such forms 
from the other species, and perhaps less so to 
unite them under the single species, ^Sstivalis, 



unless the essential characters above enumer- 
ated be closely attended to, and the numberless 
gradual transitions from one form to the other 
be watched. 

VITICULTURAL REMARKS. 

Vitis aestivalis. — This species is pre-eminently 
the wine grape of the Atlantic States, and of the Lower 
Mississippi Valley. Owing to the fact that none of the 
varieties except the Elsingburgh and Eumelan will ripen 
north of the parallel of 40°, unless it may be in some pe- 
culiarly favored situation,* they have not been exten- 
sively planted, and their superior qualities are but little 
known. The berries are destitute of pulp, and the 
juice contains a larger percentage of sugar than any 
other improved American species. The foliage is not 
so liable to disease as that of the fox grape, and rot in 
the berries is comparatively unknown. Some of the 
best wines made in this country are produced from va- 
rieties of this family, although the most promising kinds 
have not been properly tested as to their wine-produc- 
ing qualities. I am convinced that neither the wine- 
producing capabilities of the country nor the highest 
excellence of the product can be decided, uutil vine- 
yards of these varieties are established in the best loca- 
tions of favorable climates. — Wm. Saunders. 

The most genial home of this species is the country 
of the Ozark Hills, Missouri, S. Kansas, Arkansas and 
Indiau Territory; probably also south-west Illinois and 
the mountain slopes in Virginia, North Carolina, and 
Tennessee. And these must be looked upon as the 
great producing regions of this continent, (east of the 
Rocky mountains,) for a certain class of fine wines. In 
Western Texas also, the varieties belonging to this class 
seem to 'succeed better than any other class of grapes.' 
— G. Onderdonlc, Victoria,' Texas. Handbook of Fruits. 

The following varieties of this most valuable species 
(omitting synonyms, untried new and discarded varie- 
ties), are now cultivated. 

Alvey. (Perhaps a cross with Vinifera; see page 35.) 
Cunningham. Lenoir. 

Cynthiana, Louisiana. 

Devereux. Norton's Virginia. 

Elsinburgh. Neosho. 

Eumelan. Ohio (Jacquez). 

Herbemont. Pauline . 

Hermann. Rulander. 

(Several new varieties of this species, some chance 
seedlings selected in the forests of Arkansas, others 
raised lrom seeds of cultivated varieties, are now on 
trial; among the latter two seedlings of Norton 's Vir- 
ginia and one of Hermann bearing white fruit.) 

The quality of these varieties is so excellent, that even 
the French taste seems quite satisfied. Only their size 
is unsatisfactory. " Dans ce groupe se trouvent les 
raisins dont le gout se rapproche le plus des notres, et 

* Their proper climate is south of the isotherm of 70° 
Fahrenheit, for June, July, August and September; 
they require a longer season to attain maturity. The 
more tender varieties may be properly placed between 
the isothermal lines of 70°' and 75°. [Isothermal lines de- 
note localities of equal mean temperature, and have 
been delineated upon maps lrom careful observation, 
indicating the various belts of climate, the limits where 
certain important plants thrive, by far more accurately 
than by zones and geographical decrees, which have 
long been in vogue, but which really have no place in 
nature.] 



GEAPB MANUAL. 



qui donnent des vins colores, corses, & bouquet souvent 
delicat, et en tout cas non-foxo." — J. E. Planchon, Les 
Vignes americaines. 

Mr. Herman Jaeger, of Neosho, south-west Missouri, 
writes us: "In southwest Missouri, southern Illinois, 
Arkansas, western Texas, (also in Tennessee and Ala- 
bama,) the Labrusca, or Fox grapes, bring two healthy 
crops of fine grapes, and of the most vigorous varieties, 
with proper culture and favorable seasons, a few more, 
— then they rot to such an extent, that they are entirely 
worthless. The JEstivalis never rots and is the only truly 
reliable grape for these States. It was believed that no 
large summer grapes were existing — but this is a mis- 
take; summer grapes (.EstivalisK nearly of the size of 
Concord are found growing wild in Arkansas, and I am 
confident that superior table grapes will be obtained 
from their seed. The wild large /Estivalis are not as 
juicy nor as aromatic as the small; but by crossing the 
one with the other, we may obtain large grapes for the 
south-west as juicy as Herbemont, and as healthy vig- 
orous and productive as Norton's Va., as free from rot 
and mildew as no Labrusca ever will be with us." 

The varieties of this group generally prefer a dry, 
poor soil, intermingled wilh lime and decomposed 
stones, with a southern and south-eastern exposure, 
they seem to endure the severest drouths without Hug- 
ging. Although we have seen some of them, especially 
the Norton and Cynthiana, bear immense crops on the 
deep, rich, sandy loam of our river bottom, their fruit 
does not reach the same perfection as on the hills. The 
wood of the true .Aestivalis is very solid, hard, with 
small pith, and firm outer bark; so that it is almost im- 
possible to propagate this species from cuttings. The 
bark on the one year old wood is of a dark gray color, 
bluish around the eyes. The roots are wiry and tough 
with a smooth, hard liber, penetrating deep into the 
ground, perfectly defying the attacks of Phylloxera. 
Their resistive power has been fully tested, and estab- 
lished beyond a doubt in several vineyards of the II6r- 
ault, surrounded by infested, dying French vines. As 
a stock for grafting they are in every respect superior 
to Clinton — but we think they are too good and valua- 
ble to serve merely as a grafting stock. 



Vitis Labrusca, Linnaeus. Plaut usu- 
ally not large, stems with loose, shreddy bark, 
climbing over bushes or small trees, though oc- 
casionally reaching the tops of the highest trees. 
Tendrils continuous, branched. Leaves (4 — 6 
inches wide,) large and thick, entire, or some- 
times deeply lobed, very slightly dentate, coated 
when young with a thick, rusty or sometimes 
whitish wool or down, which in the wild plants 
remains on the lower side, but almost disappears 
in the mature leaf of some cultivated varieties; 
berries large, in middle-sized, or, in some culti- 
vated varieties, rather large bunches, bearing 
two or three or sometimes four seeds. (Figs. 11 
and 12.) 

This plant, usually known as the Fox grape, 
or Northern Fox grape, is a native of the east- 



ern slope of the continent from New England 
to South Carolina, where it prefers wet thickets; 
it extends iuto the Alleghany mountains, and 
here aud there even down their western decliv- 
ity, but is a stranger to the Mississippi Valley. 
By far the largest number of varieties of grape- 
vines now cultivated in our country, are the off- 
spring of this species; a few produced by nur- 
serymen, but most of them picked up in the 
woods ; they are easily recognized by the char- 
acters above given, and most readily by the pe- 
culiar arrangements of the tendrils as above de- 
scribed. Large and downy-leaved varieties of 
V. JEstivalis are, in the AVest and South-west, 
not rarely mistaken for Labrusca, but the two 
may always be distinguished by the characters 
indicated. 

VITICULTURAL REMARKS. 
"For table use, this species, in its improved varieties, 
will probably always occupy a prominent position in a 
large portion of the Eastern and Northern States as wel 1 
as in the Northern sections of the Western States; and 
in those regions where the climate will not favor the 
maturity of the best varieties of this class, the inferior 
kinds will occupy their place. 

As a wine grape the V. Labrusca has been over-esti- 
mated; the tough, musky pulp of even the best varie- 
ties requires a loug and favorable season of growth to 
reduce the acid center so as to produce a proper ratio of 
the ingredients necessary for a passable quality of wine." 

Fully endorsing the above quoted views of William 
Saunders, Superintendent of the Experimental Gardens 
at Washington, we do not wish to be understood as ad- 
vocating the discontinuance of planting and using La- 
brusca grapes for wine-making; we are well aware that 
the Catawba and Concord furnish the bulk of our most 
popular wines. But for wines of finest quality we re- 
commend the JSBtivaliSj where its varieties succeed, as 
far superior to the Labrusca. Moreover, we recognize 
in this species a Northern and a Southern form (same 
as in the Kiparia and aestivalis), with distinct charac- 
teristics. 

The Northern Labrusca— a plant of great vigor, hardi- 
ness and productiveness; abundant, heavy, branching 
and fibrous roots, thick pith and firm liber; with a 
fruit of superior size, but also of a disagreeable rough- 
ness and foxiness in taste or flavor. The Southern La- 
brusca— a far more tender plant, very sensitive to casu- 
alties from unfavorable atmospheric changes of climate, 
with few and feeble roots, of only moderately firm tex- 
ture; but also with a much more delicate fruit of an 
agreeable musky flavor. The first will not do well at 
the South, the second will be found subject to fungoid 
and other diseases, and will not well ripen at the North. 
Both are subject to rot, and do not continue to succeed 
well in the South-west, where both types of the Labr. 
seem not to feel at home.* 



*G. Onderdonk writes us: "After all, our grapes in 
Texas must come from the vEstivalis family No La. 
brusca has given us good, permanent satisfaction here." 

This same view is obtaining ground in Arkansas and 
soutn-west Missouri, after full trial and dearly bought 
experience . 



10 



BTJSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



The principal varieties of this species, thus classi- 
fied, are: 
[a] Northern Group. [6] Southern Group. 

Black Hawk. Adirondac. 

Concord. Cassady. 

Cottage. Catawba. 

Dracut Amber. Diana. 

Hartford Prolific. Iona. 
Ives. Isabella. 

Lady. Israella. 

Martha. Lydia. 

Northern Muscadine. Maxatawny. 
Perkins. Mottled. 

Rentz. Rebecca. 

Telegraph. To-Kalon. 

Venango. Union Village. 

This subdivision of Labrusca into a northern and 
southern form is a new idea of our own, and may be a 
mistake. It is here presented for the first time, not as 
an established fact, already accepted or endorsed by any 
botanical authority, but as a hypothesis worthy of 
consideration and further research. In some few va- 
rieties (Creveling, North Carolina, &c.) we find it as 
yet difficult to determine to which group they should 
be assigned; but this difficulty exists also, in some, 
with regard to the species. 

The varieties enumerated under A, which we consider 
the Northern group of Labrusca, may be relied upon 
as sufficiently resistive to Phylloxera; they seem to us 
the most preferable grafting stock; those under B, 
the Southern group of Labrusca, though exhibiting a 
larger degree of resistance in this country than Vinifera, 
suffer from the insect. (Planchon and Riley have ob- 
served that the roots of Labrusca have a sweetish taste, 
without having the astringent or acid character belong- 
ing to the roots of other species, especially of Rotundi- 
folia.) 

Vitis Cordifolia, Michaux. Tall (or more 
rarely low), climbing high by the aid of intermit- 
ting branched tendrils, trunks often 6 — 9 inches 
in diameter, with loose shreddy bark. Leaves 
middle-sized or small (2£ — 3 or 4 inches in diam- 
eter), round-heart-shaped, mostly entire or 
very slightly tri-lobed on the edges, with broad 
shallow teeth, usually smooth and shining, 
more on the upper than on the lower side ; the 
young ones sometimes, and very rarely the old 
ones, with short hair on the ribs below; pani- 
cles compound, large and loose ; berries among 
the smallest, in large, mostly loose bunches, 
black, without a bloom and without tough pulp; 
maturing late in the fall, usually with a single 
short and thick seed, marked by a more or less 
prominent raphe. 

This grows more especially in fertile soil, and 
is a common plant in river and creek bottoms. 
It is well known by the name of Winter Grape, 
Frost Grape, or Chicken Grape, and it is, 
together with the next, the earliest flowering 
species; the flowers, principally the sterile, 



(male,) are especially fragrant. It is found 
from New England to Texas, and westward to 
the western limits of the wooded part of the 
Mississippi valley. In this valley, at least, the 
fruit has a strong and even fetidly aromatic 
taste, which unfits it for making into preserves 
or for pressing wine. No cultivated varieties of 
this species are known. 

Vitis Riparia, Michaux. Similar to the last, 
but usually a smaller plant, with larger (3-5 
inches in diameter) and more or less incisely 
3 lobed, glabrous, shining (or rarely when 
young, slightly hairy) leaves, the lobes long 
and pointed, the teeth also more pointed than 
in Cordifolia ; panicles rather small and com- 
pact; berries usually larger than in the last, 
mostly with a bloom, in smaller and often more 
compact bunches, without pulp, commonly 1 or 
2-seeded; seeds obtuse, or sometimes very 
slightly depressed, with the raphe often almost 
obliterated. 

This species prefers thickets or rocky soil on 
river banks, and extends as far south as the 
last, and much farther north and west, being 
the only grape vine in Lower Canada, where it 
is found even 60 miles north of Quebec, and the 
only one on the eastern slope of the Rocky 
Mountains. The northern form, in Canada, 
northern New York to Michigan and Nebraska, 
has fewer and larger berries in a bunch, and is 
easily distinguished from V. Cordifolia. The 
south-western form, however, a taller plant, 
with smaller black berries, approaches more 
closely to this last species, and often seems to 
run so close to it that in some editions of his 
manual, Pro fV Gray has united both under the 
name of V. Cordifolia, Michx. The fruit ripens 
earlier than that of Cordifolia, and is much 
pleasauter. (In St. Louis a variety found on 
the rocky river-banks is brought to market in 
July.) 

VITICULTURAL REMARKS. 

Both Cordifolia and Riparia are often considered 
types of one species, (Gray, Duraud, Planchon,) and 
grape growers usually designate the cultivated varie- 
ties of this species as " Cordifolia; ' '' Dr. Engelmann 
himself stated " that both species are so closely allied 
that it is a matter of individual judgment whether to 
keep them separate or to unite them;" we prefer 
therefore to adliere to that designation. The Clinton, 
its most prominent variety, has certainly in the foliage, 
more of the true Cordifolia than of the Riparia, but the 
fruit, though maturing late in the fall, assimilates it 
more to the latter. 

This section represents the most healthy grapes of the 
Northern States, yet they are equally healthy and even 
more productive at the South. A distinct form of this 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



11 



species is found growing along the Alleghany range, 
from southern New York to Alabama, to which the 
Taylor and Oporto belong. These varieties exhibit 
more or less deformed stamens; but some individuals of 
this group possess excellent qualities, which, when 
properly developed, and their defects remedied, will 
make the best wine grapes in the country.— Fuller. 
In the ELVIRA, this prediction seems fulfilled. 
The foliage is rarely attacked by mildew, but the 
leaves, possibly owing to their smoothness, are occa- 
sionally injured by insect punctures. The Phylloxera 
prefers the foliage of this class of vines to all others— so 
that, in some seasons, it is covered with leaf-galls made 
by this formidable insect. The fruit is not subject to 
rot, and is noted lor keeping well after being gathered 
from the plant. That of the northern form is late in 
maturing, and seems to reach its highest condition by 
remaining on the vine until the thermometer indicates 
proximity to the freezing point, when, even in north- 
ern localities, it proves to be a fruit of fair quality either 
for table or wine. Of course its quality is greatly im- 
proved by the length and geniality of the season of 
growth; for example, those who are familiar with the 
fruit only as a production of Massachusetts would not 
recognize its flavor and vinous character as ripened in 
southern Maryland or Virginia. The greatest objection 
to it as a wine grape is that of having too much acid. 
The fruit is not so deficient in sugar as is generally sup- 
posed, having enough of this important ingredient for 
a good wine. Nor has it any foxy or musky taste 
whatever, the judgment of our friends in France to the 
contrary, notwithstanding. The peculiar flavor in 
some varieties may displease them; tastes differ — we, 
ourselves do not admire the Clinton-goiH, but it has 
certainly no resemblance to what wc call " foxiness," 
as the characteristic of Labrusca. The flavor of Taylor 
and its seedlings seems to us unexceptionable. The 
Marion and other varieties of this class may also be pre- 
ferable to Clinton in this respect. Analysis shows that 
they have a sufficiency of sugar, and it seems probable 
that the wines only require age to develop their quali- 
ties. 

It is known that wines from the Clinton variety, 
when kept in a suitable cellar from four to six years, 
assume a fine character. There is abundant evidence 
to favor the belief, that if as much time and care had 
been devoted to the improvement of this species as has 
been given to the Fox family, we should now be in 
possession of a good northern red-wine grape. 

The mode of management and culture has also a de- 
cided influence upon the productiveness of this species. 
The shoots grow with much vigor during early sum- 
mer, frequently forming canes fourteen to twenty feet 
in length before the end of the season, on young plants 
in good soil. On these canes the best developed buds 
are some distance from the base, or point of growth on 
the stem; consequently, if cut closely back at the fall or 
winter pruning, the best buds for fruit bearing are re- 
moved, and a luxuriant growth of wood, with a mini- 
mum crop of fruit, will be the result. The varieties of 
this group should be planted on rather poor soil, deeply 
and well cultivated, as they are naturally rampant 
growers and when planted in rich soils are almost un- 
controlable. 
The wood of the cultivated varieties is soft,Tcontain- 



ing a thick medulla; they are growing therefore readily 
from cuttings. The roots are wiry and tough, with a 
a thin, hard liber, growing rapidly. Hence they pos- 
sess great powers of resistance to the Phylloxera, which 
is usually found in small numbers on their roots, even 
while their foliage is densely covered with its galls. 
The roots have so much vitality that new rootlets push 
out from the swellings more rapidly than the insect can 
destroy them. 

The varieties of this species, especially Clinton, are 
therefore largely used as stock for grafting, in the Phyl- 
loxera afflicted vineyards of France. We think them 
somewhat objectionable for this purpose, as they seem 
not to unite as readily with the graft, and are more 
subject to sprout from imperceptible buds, close to the 
roots, than varieties of other species. 

Vitis Vulpina, Linnaeus. Low, or often 
climbing very high, with small, (2 or at 
most 3 inches wide) rounded, heart-shaped, 
firm and glossy dark-green leaves, smooth, or 
rarely slightly hairy on the under side, with 
coarse and large, or broad and bluntish teeth. 

The Southern species, known under the name 
of Southern Fox-grape, Bullace or Bullet- 
grape, or Muscadine, is found along water- 
courses, and in damp woods of the Southern 
States, not further north than Maryland, Ken- 
tucky and Arkansas, though it may possibly 
straggle into south-east Missouri. Some of its 
cultivated varieties, especially the white Scup- 
pernong, are highly esteemed in the South. 

VITICULTURAL REMARKS. 

Southern grape growers generally designate this spe- 
cies as Vitis Kotundifolia, Michaux. It is strictly 
confined to the Southern States, and in foliage and 
wood is very unlike any other grape, either native or 
foreign, distinguishing itself by its small, roundish, 
shining leaves, never lobed, and green on both sides; 
by its bright smooth bark, never scaly or shaggy; by 
its fruit which forms no bunches, but grows in large, 
thick skinned and pulpy berries, only about 2-4-6 in 
number on a stem; by its tendrils which are never 
forked, like those of other grape vines. The varieties 
of this type cannot be grown from cuttings. Pruning 
does not benefit them; on the contrary, they must be 
left growing, free, without any trimming, except cut- 
ting off smoothly the shoots and suckers from the 
ground to the lath-work or scaffold, which you may 
erect to support them. Without care or labor, save 
some good cultivation of the soil, they produce annually 
large and sure crops, being entirely free from rot and 
mildew and, it seems also, from the attacks of insects. 
The Vitis Rotundifolia enjoys so far, perfect immunity 
from Phylloxera, (some galls have been found on their 
leaves, but no trace of the insect on tneir roots, which 
are of an astringent, acrid taste.) This immunity 
caused them to be exported into France, but their 
fruit is so deficient in grape sugar, (although it tastes 
sweet, containing scarce any acid,) and it is so rich in 
musky flavor, that it cannot satisfy the refined French 
taste; and as a grafting stock, the hardness of the wood 



12 



BTJSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



and different construction of the bark makes the Rotun- 
difolia unfit for this purpose. P. J. Berckmans of 
Augusta, Georgia, who makes the propagation of this 
species a specialty, enumerates seven varieties. Scup- 
pernong, Flowers, Thomas, Mish, Tender 
Pulp, Pedee and Richmond, (there exists also an 
Isabella-seedling under the name of Richmond.) 

Vitis Candicans, Engelmann. (V. Mus- 
tangensis, Buckley.) The Musiang grape of 
Texas; a tall climber, with rather large, round- 
ed, almost toothless leaves, white, cottony on 
the under side, bearing large berries, which, 
like those of the wild Labrusca, show different 
colors, greenish, claret ai.d bluish-black; and 
which, in its native country, are made into 
wine. In young shoots and sprouts the leaves 
are usually deeply and elegantly many-lobed. 

VITICULTURAL REMARKS. 
This species grows wild in great abundance along the 
creeks and rivers of Texas, chiefly western and middle 
Texas. It resembles the Labrusca by its downy leaves 
and its bark; it can also be grown from cuttings. We 
know as yet of but three varieties of the Mustang found 
in the woods; a black, a red and a white Mustang. 

Vitis Rupestris, Scheele. A small, bushy 
plant, often without any tendrils, rarely some- 
what climbing; leaves small (2-3 inches wide), 
and often' folded, mostly broader than long, 
heart-shaped or truncate at base, scarcely ever 
slightly lobed, with broad, coarse teeth and 
usually an abruptly elongated point, glabrous, 
and of a glaucous or light green color; berries 
middle sized, in very small bunches; seeds 
mostly 3-4, round, with an extremely short 
beak, obtuse, with a small chalaza; raphe very 
slender or invisible. 

This very peculiar grape-vine is found only 
west of the Mississippi, from the Missouri river 
to Texas and westward probably to New Mex- 
ico. In our State, where it is called Sand grape, 
and in Arkansas, it grows on the gravelly banks 
and overflowed bars of mountain streams; in 
Texas also on rocky plains, whence the Latin 
name; it is there sometimes called Sugar grape. 
Its luscious fruit ripens with us in August. 

It is nowhere yet in cultivation, but may in 
future prove of value. 

Vitis Californica, Bentham. The only wild 
grape of California, has rounded, downy leaves 
and small berries, and is not made use of as far 
as known. The seeds are obtuse, with a short 
beak, elongated chalaza, and very slender raphe. 

Vitis Arizonica, Engelm. Similar to the 
last, but tomentose only when young, later 
glabrous, with middle-sized berries, reported 
to be of a luscious taste. 



(( | Labr. and Vinifera, or 
{ Lair, and Riparia, 



HYBRIDS. 

Besides the varieties referred either to the one or the 
other of these species, we cultis'ate now many grapes 
which originated by cross-breeding; either through the 
agencies of wind or insects, or through the efforts and 
skill of man. 

The former, or natural hybridization, is no doubt of 
frequent occurrence, but as neither the act can well be 
observed, traced or recognized, nor the character of the 
young seedlings thus produced be ascertained, these 
are generally passed unnoticed in the vineyard, or de- 
stroyed. Without discussing the subject any further, 
we state it as our opinion and belief, that some of the 
chance seedlings we cultivate are the pr* duct of such 
natural cross-fertilization; tbus we believe we recog- 
nize in 

the Alvey, a Hybrid between Mst. and Vinifera* 
the Creveling, " " Labr. and Riparia, 

the Delaware, " 

the Elvira, " ' ' Riparia and Labr. 

and so in a few others (as will be mentioned in their 
description), possessing certain distinct characteristics 
of two distinct species. 

The second class, Hybrids produced by artificial 
cross fertilization, though of but recent date, are now 
very numerous . When the supposition that seedlings 
from the foreign species, raised in our own soil and cli- 
mate would be more hardy, proved fallacious, efforts 
were made to secure Hybrids between the native grapes 
and Vitis Vinifera; hoping thus to combine the supe- 
rior excellence of the foreign with the health and vigor 
of our native plants. 

"It is desirable that in artificial cross-breeding not on- 
ly the species, but the varieties used should be carefully- 
noted, and also that the parents, the maternal ( the variety 
which has been artificially fertilized) , and the paternal 
ancestor (the plant from which the pollen was employ- 
ed), should always be named. "— Dr. Engelmann. 

The Hybrids thus produced are: 

1. Hybrids between Labr. and Vinifera: — 
Adelaide. Gartner. 
Agawam. Goethe. 
Allen's Hybrid. Herbert. 
Aminia (R. 39). Imperial. 
Barry. Irwing. 

Bl. Defiance. Lixdley. 

Black Eagle. Massasoit. 

Challenge. Mekrimac. 

Clover Str. Black Requa. 

Clover Str. Red. Rogers' Hybrids.* 

Concord Chasselas. Salem. 

Concord Muscat. Senasqua. 

Conqueror Triumph. 

Diana Hamburg. Wilder. 

Essex. And many more, less known. 

2. Hybrids between Gordi folia and Vinifera:— 
Advance. Newark. 
Autuchon. Othello. 
Brandt. (Juassaic. 
Canada. Secretary. 
Cornucopia. 



* Not named. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



13 



3. Hybrids between Delaware and Vinifera: — 

CROTON, lTHAKA, WYLIE'S DELAWARE HYBRIDS. 

By crossing the Delaware with Diana were produced 
the Onondaga and "Walter, perhaps also Raeitax; 
by a cross of Delaware and Cordifolia Mr. Rickett pro- 
duced the Putnam, and finally, some crosses between 
Hybrids were produced. 

So far most Hybrids produced were between Labr. 
and Vinifera; as the former have a tendency to leaf mil- 
dew, to fruit rot, and roots subject to the attacks of 
Phylloxera; the production of a healthy, resisting form, 
in a Hybrid between these and the here still more un- 
healthy Vinifera, is highly improbable, especially when 
some tender, glass-house grown variety is used for 
that purpose . Only by the selection of the most healthy 
and hardy varieties of a native and foreign species, or, 
perhaps still better, by an intermixture of the best and 
most vigorous native species, may really valuable re- 
sults be obtained. 

Most of the Hybrids which we now cultivate are of 
too recent introduction to be thoroughly tested; yet it 
is already apparent that their adaptability to successful 
culture is in proportion to their affinity to the native 
parent, {specially in roots and foliage. And the re- 
quirements of Hybrid grapes, as to climate, siil and 
aspect, will be found quite similar to the requirements 
of one or the other of their progenitors. 

LOCATION. 

The only general rules we can give, to guide 
us in the selection of a proper, desirable loca- 
tion for vineyards, are : 

1. A good wine-growing region is one where 
the season of growth is of sufficient length to 
ripen to perfection our best wine grapes, ex- 
empt from late spring frosts, heavy summer 
dews, and early frosts in autumn. Do not at- 
tempt, therefore, to cultivate the grape in low, 
damp valleys, along creeks ; low situations, 
where water can settle and stagnate about the 
roots will not answer; wherever we find the 
ague an habitual guest with the inhabitants, we 
need not look for healthy grape-vines; but on 
the hillsides, gentle slopes, along large rivers 
and lakes, on the bluffs overhanging the banks 
of our large streams, where the fogs arising 
from the water give sufficient humidity to the 
atmosphere, even in the hottest summer days, 
to refresh the leaf during the night and morning 
hours, there is the location of the grape. 

2. A good soil for the vineyard should be a 
dry, calcareous loam, sufficiently deep (say 
three feet) loose and friable, draining itself 
readily. New soils, both granitic and lime- 
stone, made up by nature of decomposed stone 
and leaf mould, are to be preferred to those that 
have long been in cultivation. If you have such 
a location and soil, seek no further, ask no 
chemist to analyze its ingredients, but go at 
once to 



PREPARING THE SOIL. 

The old system of trenching is no more prac- 
ticed, except upon very hard, stony soil, and 
upon steep hillsides, being too costly and of 
very little, if any, advantage. The plow has 
taken the place of the spade, and has much les- 
sened the expense. While we would urge a 
thorough work in the preparation of the soil 
before planting the vine, and warn against 
planting iu ditches, or worse yet in square 
holes, we believe that by careful grubbing (in 
timber lands) leaving no stumps, which would 
only be a continual eyesore and hindrance to 
proper cultivation, and then using a large 
breaking plow, followed by the subsoil plow, 
the soil will be stirred as deep (say twenty in- 
ches) as is really necessary to insure a good and 
healthy growth of vines. This will require two 
to three yoke of oxen to each plow, according 
to the condition of the soil. For old ground a 
common two-horse plow, with a span of strong 
horses or cattle, followed in the same furrow by 
a subsoil stirrer, will be sufficient to stir the 
soil deeply and thoroughly, and will leave it as 
mellow, and in its natural position as desirable. 
This may be done during any time of the year 
when the ground is open and not too wet. Most 
soils would be benefited by underdraining; the 
manner of doing it is the same as for other farm 
crops, except that for vines the drains should be 
placed deeper; it is less important on our hill 
sides, and too costly to be practiced to a great 
extent here; wet spots, however, must be 
drained at least by gutters, and to prevent the 
ground from washing, small ditches should be 
made, leading into a main ditch. Steep hill 
sides, if used at all, should be terraced. 

PLANTING. 

The soil being thus thoroughly prepared and in 
good friable condition, you are ready for plant- 
ing. The proper season for doing this is in the 
fall, after the 1st of November, or in the spring, 
before the 1st of May. Most vineyards are 
planted in spring, and in northern, very cold 
localities, this may be preferable. We prefer 
fall planting; the ground will generally be in 
better condition, as we have better weather in 
the fall, and more time to spare. The ground 
can settle among the roots in winter; the roots 
will have healed and calloused over, new root- 
lets will issue early in spring before the condi- 
tion of the ground would have permitted plant- 
ing, and the young plants commencing to grow 
as soon as the frost is out of the ground, will 
start with full vigor in spring. To prevent the 



14 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



r oots from being thrown to the surface by al- 
ternate freezing and thawing, a mound of earth 
hoed up around the plants, or a ridge thrown 
up with a plow, so as to elevate the ground 
somewhat in the rows, will be found to afford 
all the protection necessary. By no means de- 
lay planting till late in spring (after May first 
here), and if your ground is not ready in time, 
you had much better cultivate it with corn or 
hoed crops of some kind, and postpone planting 
until next fall. Planting in rows, six feet apart, 
is now the usual method ; it gives sufficient space 
for a horse and man to pass through with plow 
or cultivator; the distance in the rows varies 
somewhat with the growth of the 
different varieties and the rich- 
ness of the soil . Most of our vig- 
orous, strong growers, the Con- 
cord, Ives, Hartford, Clinton, 
Taylor, Norton, Herbemont, will 
need eight to ten feet in the rows ; 
Scuppernongs are planted 20 to 
30 feet apart; while the Dela- j|f| 
ware, Catawba, Creveling, Iona, ygff. 
may have sufficient room when Mim/mlm 
planted six feet apart. The 
dwarfing treatment practiced with European 
varieties, especially by German vintners, will 
not do for American vines, which must have 
ample room to spread aud a free circulation 
of air. The number of vines required to set 
an acre (containing 43,560 square feet), will 
be: 

DISTANCE, FEET. METBE8. NUMBER. 

5 ft. by 5 ft. Im54byl m 54 1,742 

5 it. by 6 ft. Im54byl'»85 1,452 

6 ft. by 6 ft. Im85bylm85 1,210 

6 ft. by 7 ft. 1 m 85 by 2 m 15 1,037 

6 ft. by 8 ft. Ini85by2">46 9°? 

6 ft. by 9 ft. i™ 85 by 2™ 75 807 

6 ft. by 10 ft. 1^85 by 3'" 725 

7 ft. by 7 ft. 2 m 15 by 2 m 15 889 

7 ft. by 8 ft. 2 m 15 by 2 ■" 46 777 

7 ft. by 9 ft. 2"> 15 by 2 m 75 690 

7 it. by 10 ft. 2«> 15 by 3 m 622 

8 ft. by 8 ft. 2 m 46 by 2 m 46 680 

8 ft. by 9 ft. 2 m 46 by 2 m 75 605 

8 ft . by 10 ft. 2 m 46 by 3 m 544 

9 ft. by 9 it. 2 m 75 by 2 m 75 537 

9 ft. by 10 ft. 2 m 75 by 3 m 484 

10 ft. by 10 ft. 3 m by3'» 435 

1 acre = 41 ares Frencb measure, or one Hectare 
nearly equal to two and h half acres. 

Having determined the distance at which you 
desire to plant the vines, mark off the rows, 
running them parallel, and with the most level 
lines of your slope or hillside, so that you may 
easily plow between the rows and that the 



ground may not wash. (On an eastern slope 
the rows will therefore run in a direction from 
north to south, which most vine dressers pre- 
fer.) Be careful, on slopiug ground, to leave 
spaces for surface drains, the steeper the hill- 
sides the more frequent must these surface 
drains be. Then divide the rows into the de- 
sired distances, by the aid of a stretched line, 
and put small stakes where each plaut is to 
stand. Now, if the ground is sufficiently dry so 
as to pulverize well, make the holes to receive 
the vines, as shown in fig. 19. The depth of 
these holes must necessarily vary somewhat with 
the nature of the soil. On very steep hillsides, 




and especially on southern slopes, with natu- 
rally warm, dry soil, you must plant deeper 
than on gentle slopes with deep, rich soil, or on 
bottom land and rich prairies. Eight inches 
will be deep enough on the latter; on the former 
we should plant from twelve to fourteen inches 
deep. 

Having made the holes, and it is best not to 
make too many at a time, as the ground will dry 
out too quickly, you can go to planting. 

We do not intend to discuss here the various 
modes of multiplication or propagation of grape 
vines from cuttings, layers or single eyes (buds), 
still less the production of new varieties from 
seed aud Hybridizing, as this would far exceed 
the scope of this brief Manual, nor do we desire 
to say whether you should plant cuttings or 
rooted plants, and whether plarts grown from 
cuttings, from single eyes or layers, are prefer- 
able. Propagators and nurserymen are not 
considered disinterested, impartial judges on 
this question. But we may reasonably suppose 
that those who read this catalogue are either 
our customers or desire to purchase rooted vines 
from us, and want to get the best plants. Vines 
raised from layers were in former years held to 
be superior, and are still preferred by many, 
but unprejudiced and observing cultivators 
have found that they only look stronger and 
finer, but are not as good as plants properly 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



15 



grown from cuttings or single eyes, of mature, 
healthy wood. The disposition to multiply the 
new varieties of grapes rapidly, has led to the 
production of vast numbers of vines from sum- 
mer layers, or, still worse, from green cuttings. 
The plants so produced usually prove only a 
disappointment to the planter, and greatly in- 
jure the reputation of new varieties 

Our German and French vine-dressers gene- 
rally practiced growing vines from long cut- 
tings, but short (two or three eye) cuttings will 
undoubtedly make stronger and better ripened 
roots. Others again have obtained the best re- 
sults from single eye plants, and consequently 
prefer them. We have tried all, and find that 
it makes very little difference how the vine has 
been raised, provided it has strong, firm, healthy, 
well-ripened roots. (We never found any grown 
from green or unhealthy wood or from long 
cuttings that had them.) As a general rule, a 
well grown vine is in its best condition for plant- 
ing when one year old. Fuller and some other 
good authorities prefer two-year old, trans- 
planted vines ; vines older than two years should 
not be planted, and so-called extra large layers 
" for immediate bearing," are a humbug. 

There is, however, one method of propagating 
the grape, namely, by Grafts, which belongs 
more properly to the sphere of the cultivator, 
the vineyardist, than the nurseryman or propa- 
gator; and which, owing to the ravages of the 
Phylloxera, is becoming of unprecedented im- 
portance, and presents itself under almost en- 
tirely new aspects. 

GRAFTING. 

The researches of our scientists, prominent 
among them our friend Prof. Riley, enable us 
now to form pretty accurate estimates of the 
resisting powers of the roots of different va- 
rieties, and we find that the premature decay 
and short-lived existence of the vines of most 
of our finer varieties of the Labrusca class, (its 
Southern group) as well as nearly all the Hy- 
brids having blood of the vinefera class, must 
be mainly attributed to the attacks of the in- 
sect. 

How far we possess a remedy to this, by 
grafting such kind* on those of acknowledged 
greater resistance, is a question which is as yet 
not fully determined and still open to further 
test and experiments, but which deserves the 
greatest attention. Another object for which 
grafting is very desirable is the early testing of 
new varieties. By grafting on a vigorous bear- 
ing vine we will generally obtain bearing wood, 



and sometimes even fruit, the first season. We 
are also enabled by grafting to turn old vigor- 
ous vines of perhaps some worthless variety to 
good account, as with a little trouble and care 
and the loss of only one year, we can change 
them into some choice and valuable variety. But 
before we enter into details of the '-'modus 
operandi " of grafting, we will first speak of 
the conditions generally considered essential to 
the successful performance of the operation. 

First. The Stock. Though from our own 
experience we can not side with those who 
claim that the stock and scion should in all 
cases belong to the same class to insure perfect 
success, it is still worth while to give this point 
a little consideration. The general experience 
seems to prove that the stocks of the Cordifolia 
class, of which we may take the Clinton as the 
type, do not unite readily with varieties of the 
-aestivalis or Labrusca, though we know of 
numerous instances where they did unite per- 
fectly and formed fine and healthy vines. But 
aside from this there is a great objection to the 
Clinton class on account of its tendency to throw 
up suckers from the old stock, even for years 
after the graft has become established, which 
requires constant care and watchfulness that 
these suckers, which generally grow with re- 
markable vigor, do not usurp the place we have 
assigned to the grafted scion. This objection 
falls away almost entirely with the other classes 
after the first season, and once the graft is grow- 
ing vigorously. 

A point which is of far more importance is 
the perfect health and vigor of the stock. We 
should never select a sickly or diseased vine, 
nor one subject to the attacks of the Phylloxera 
as a stock to graft upou. Even if the graft 
should live it will thrive but poorly, unless in- 
deed it belongs to some very vigorous variety, 
and is grafted deep enough below the surface, 
where it may form its own roots, which will 
then support it entirely, and it will soon dis- 
solve its union with the unhealthy stock. But 
even then it will require years to overcome the 
effects of the uncongenial partnership. If the 
object is to guard a variety subject to the Phyl- 
loxera against the ravages of this insect, we 
should select for the stock a vine of a strong and 
vigorous variety, which possesses recognized 
powers of resistance to the insect. The graft 
should then be inserted as near the surface of 
the ground as possible, and where practicable 
even above it. Some have asserted that the 
stock and scion should be of varieties as near 
alike as possible in vigor of growth, but with 



16 



BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 



this we cannot agree. We should invariably 
prefer to graft a weak grower on a strong one. 

Second. The Scion. This should be from a 
healthy and short jointed cane from the last 
summer's growth, and of moderate size, (a lit- 
tle stou f er than an ordinary lead pencil is the 
thickness which we prefer.) It should be cut 
from the vine before very hard freezing weather, 
and kept in a cool cellar, either in damp moss, 
sand, or sawdust, or else buried in the ground. 
In case the grafting is to be performed late in 
Spring, the scion may be kept dormant in an 
ice-house. 

Third. When to Graft. The best time, as 
far as days and months are concerned, varies of 
course with the locality and latitude ; but as a 
rule we would lay down that the vine cannot be 
grafted with good success, either while the sap 
is running so freely and liquid as to cause the 
vine when cut to bleed, as it is termed, nor yet 
(except by the process of inarching, of which 
hereafter) from the time when the young shoots 
in the Spring, or rather early Summer, begin to 
turn hard and fibrous, which generally com- 
mences about the time of the bloom, until after 
the fall of the leaf. This reduces the time for 
successful grafting to two periods, the first one 
lying between the fall of the leaf and the rising 
of active circulation in Spring, and the second 
one commencing after this exceeding strong 
flow of sap has abated and lasting until the full 
development of the first young growth. 

In the more Southern States grafting may be 
successfully and practically performed during 
the first period. In fact, Dr. A. P. Wylie of 
Chester, S. C, that veteran and enthusiastic 
grape grower, upon whose opinion we lay the 
highest weight, informs us that the Fall or early 
Winter is in that latitude the proper time for 
grafting. Further north, and even in the lati- 
tude of St. Louis, Fall grafting is not quite as 
certain, for even when protected by a mulch of 
straw or leaves the graft is in danger of being 
thrown out by the heaving of the ground caused 
by the frost. In this latitude however we often 
have fine days in February and early in March, 
when the ground is open and before the active 
flow of sap has commenced, which should be 
improved for the operation. Still further North 
where the ground opens late, and Spring comes 
in all at once, these days are generally so few 
that they can seldom be made use of. For these 
latitudes the best opportunity lies in the second 
period or during the time the sap has ceased its 
active flow and exudes from the wound in a 
gummy state. Some have even claimed good 



success in mid-summer with scions of the same 
season's growth, but we must confess ourselves 
as extremely dubious in regard to the success 
of this. 

We now come to the operation itself. The 
method most generally applied is cleft grafting. 
After clearing away the soil around the collar 
of the stock to be operated upon, to the depth 
of 3 or 4 inches, select a place below the surface 
with a smooth exterior around the collar, cut 
the vine off horizontally just above this place 
with a fine toothed saw; then split the stock 
with a common grafting chisel or other sharp 
instrument, so that the cleft will run down 
about \h or 2 inches. Insert the small end of 
the grafting chisel or a narrow wedge in the 
centre of the cleft to keep it open, and then 
with a very sharp knife, cut your scion, which 
may be 3 to 4 inches long, and with one or two 
eyes, to a long wedge shape at the lower end, to 
fit the cleft, leaving the outer side a trifle 
thicker than the inner one, and insert it in the 
cleft, so that the inner bark of both stock and 
scion make a close fit on each other as much as 
possible; then withdraw the wedge in the cen- 
tre, and the scion will be held firmly in its 
place by the pressure of the stock. It is not 
necessary to wrap or tie such grafts, except 
when the stock is a very light and small one, in 
which case some bass string or other material 
should be tightly wound around to bind stock 
and graft together. If the stock is a large one 
two scions may be inserted, one on each side. 
This mode of grafting auswers for stocks vary- 
ing from one-half to three inches in diameter. 
To complete the operation, replace the soil, fill- 
ing it up, so that the upper bud on the scion is 
level with the surface. A shade placed so as to 
protect it from the noon-day sun, or a slight 
mulch, is very desirable. 

Another mode of cleft grafting, which though 
a little more tedious, is perhaps also that much 
more certain, is to saw a slit in the stock about 
one aud a half inches deep with a thick bladed 
or wide set saw, instead of using the chisel. 
The cleft thus made must be spread open suffi- 
cient only to receive the scion, which must be 
cut to fit nicely in the slit with its upper por- 
tion resting, with a square shoulder each side, on 
the stock. In this instance we prefer a graft 
with two buds, the lower one of which should 
be the point where to cut the shoulders. In 
other respects the same rules apply to this mode 
as those given before. The greatest advantage 
is that we can always make a clean straight 
cleft, even when the stock is gnarly or twisted. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



1? 



(We may as well remark here that the Wagner 
grafting machine, which is highly recommended 
by many who have tried it, works upon the 
same principle.) As the slit cut by the saw is 
always of a uniform thickness, the scions may 
be prepared beforehand in the house during a 
rainy day or in the evening, and kept in damp 
moss until wanted. 

There are besides various other methods of 
grafting the grape below the surface of the soil, 
but as the one we have described is that which 
is most generally adopted, and we have reason 
to think, also, the most successful one, we re- 
frain from describing the others. 

It frequently happens that the buds of the 
grafts swell rapidly within a few days after the 
operation, and then after having given great 
promise for a week or two, they turn brown 
and apparently die oft*. Do not let this discour- 
age you too quickly, and above all make no rash 
examinations of the cause of this seeming fail- 
ure, by pulling out the scion or otherwise 
loosening it. A graft will often remain in this 
state for a period of five or six weeks, and then 
start up all at once with a vigor that will push 
young wood to the length of twenty or more 
feet the same season. Keep the young growth 
well tied up and carefully remove all suckers 
from (he parent stock as soon as they appear. 

However, if our object is to graft a variety 
subject to the Phylloxera ou a stock whose roots 
are healthy aud possess the power of resisting 
the insect, we must place the scion so that the 
grafted variety can not form its own roots, 
which would soon become the prey and breed- 
ing ground for the iusect, and by their disease 
would contaminate the whole vine. We must 
in this case aim to place the graft above the sur- 
face of the soil. The cleft and other ordinary 
modes of grafting are, unfortunately, seldom 
successful, unless worked below the surface. 
Having this object in view we take recourse to 
grafting by approach or inarching. 

For this method it is desirable that two plants, 
one each of the variety which is to form the 
stock, and one of the scion, are planted close 
together, say about one foot apart. In June (the 
first year, if the plants make a sufficiently 
strong growth, if not, the second year,) or as 
soon as the young shoots become sufficiently 
hard and woody to bear the knife, a shoot is 
taken from both the stock and the scion vine, 
and at a convenient place, where they may be 
brought in contact, a shaving is taken out from 
each of these, on the side next to the other, for a 
length of 2 to 3 inches. This must be done with 



a smooth cut of a sharp knife, a little deeper 
than the inner bark, so as to obtain on each a 
flat surface. They are then fitted snugly to- 
gether, so that the inner bark joins as much as 
possible, and wrapped securely with some old 
calico torn in strips, or soft bass strings. Besides 
this, it is well to place one tie a little below, and 
one above the grafted point, aud also to tie the 
united canes to a stake or trellis to insure 
against all chances of loosening by the swaying 
of the wind. The rapid swelling of the young 
growth at this period of the year makes it desi- 
rable that the grafts be looked over after a few 
weeks, replacing such ties which may have 
burst, aud loosening others which may bind 
so as to cut into the wood. A union will gen- 
erally be made in the course of two or three 
weeks, which will be further consolidated in the 
course of 6 to 8 weeks, when the bandages may 
be removed and the grafted portion left exposed 
to the sun, to thoroughly harden aud ripen it. 
The shoots themselves are to be left to grow 
undisturbed for the rest of the season. In the 
fall, if a good union has taken place, the cane 
forming the scion is cut close below its union 
with the stock cane, which in its turn is cut 
close above the connection. Supposing the stock 
to have been a Concord and the scion a Dela- 
ware, we now have a vine of the latter entirely 
on the strong, vigorous root of the former. Of 
course constant vigilance must be exercised to 
prevent suckers from starting out of the stock. 
It is well to protect the grafted joint the first 
few winters' by a slight covering of straw or soil 
to prevent the frost from splitting it apart. 

Mr. Cambre, a practical and successful grape 
grower near Nauvoo, Ills., and to whom we owe 
the main points of these directions, has prac- 
ticed this system on a large scale and with the 
most flattering results. He has applied it ex- 
tensively to the Delaware, using wild seedlings 
from the woods as the stock, and thus succeeds 
in raising fine aud regular crops of this ex- 
cellent grape, even in seasons when other vines 
of this variety on their own roots in the neigh- 
boring vineyards are a total failure. It would 
be highly interesting if others in different sec- 
tions of the country would also experiment with 
this system. 

Another mode of grafting above ground, prac- 
ticed with success by a Mr. Cornelius, (copied 
from "The Gardeners' Monthly" by W. C. 
Strong in his valuable work, " The Cultivation 
of the Grape ") is not merely interesting in it- 
self, but also illustrative of many other modi- 
fications in grafting : 



18 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 




%%, 



"After the first four or five leaves are formed, 
and the sap is flowing, you choose the place on 
the vine where you intend to graft. At that 
point wrap tightly a twine several times around 
the vine. This will, in a measure, prevent the 
return sap. 

F\. Below the ligature make a 

Hiy sloping cut down, as shown at a; 

also, a similar reversed one aboye 
the ligature, as at b, about one 
inch in length. In selecting a 
scion prefer one that has natu- 
rally a bend. Cut it so that it 
shall be wedge-shape at both 
ends, and a little longer than 
the distance between the cuts in 
the vine at a and b. Insert the 
scion, taking care to have the 
barks in direct contact, securing 
it with a string, c, bound round 
both scion and vine sufficiently 
tight to force the scion-ends into 
their places. If the work is done 
well, no tie will be required at 
a and b, but the joints should be covered with 
grafting wax. In a short time, the bud at d will 
commence its growth, after which you can by 
degrees remove all the growing shoots not be- 
longing to the scion, and in course of the sum- 
mer you may cut off the wood above b, and in 
the Fall remove all above a on the stock, and 
above c on the scion. 

This, as well as all other methods of grafting 
above ground, require much careful watching 
and a judicious use of graft- 
ing wax, as its entering into 
the slit is positively injurious. 
Quite recently Mr. Henry 
Bouse het of Montpellier, 
France, has proposed the fol- 
lowing system of grafted cut- 
tings, "bontture greffee," to 
replant with them their Phyl- 
loxera destroyed vineyards. 
It consists in uniting a portion 
of the American grape-cutting, 
(making resisting roots,) 
which is to serve as stock, 
with a portion of the Euro- 
pean grape-cutting (of which 
the fruit is desired) as graft, 
as shown in annexed figure, 
and^the united cuttiug, snugly 
tied together with some slight 
shreds, is then planted like a 




simple long cutting, thus doing both the plant- 
ing and grafting at the same time. Of course 
the graft can be previously prepared in the 
room, at the fireside. Mr. Bouschet has shown 
at the Exposition of the Viticultural Congress 
at Montpellier, (Oct. 1874,) samples of such 
grafts, which had made a successful union and 
growth, and gigantic experiments are now made 
with this system in France. 

We propose to experiment more extensively 
ourselves in the matter of grafting with the 
view to combat the inroads of the Phylloxera, 
and the results of our experiments shall be duly 
made public. We are confident that many of 
our choicest table grapes, and perhaps even 
European grapes, could, if worked in such a 
way, be successfully grown in many regions 
where they are now a total failure. 

Of wine grapes, on the other hand, we have 
now such good and valuable varieties, like Cyn- 
thiana, Cunningham, Elvira, Herbemont, Her- 
mann, Louisiana, Neosho, etc., all of which are 
free from the destructive effects of the Phyl- 
loxei"a, not to speak of a number of new and 
highly promising JEstivalis seedlings, which as 
a class are good resistants to the insect, that to 
be successful in growing a good wine grape, we, 
here, need have no recourse to the interesting, 
yet nevertheless, laborious process of grafting 
the grape vine. 

But now let us return to the modus operandi 
of planting. Take your vines, from the place 
where they were heeled-in,* wrapped in a wet 
cloth, or in a pail with water, to the holes; 
when planting, let one person shorten the roots, 
with a sharp knife, then spread them out evenly 
to all sides, and let another fill in with well pul- 
verized earth. The earth should he worked in 
among the roots with the finger, and lightly 
pressed to them with the foot. Lay the vine in 
slanting, and let its top come out at the stake 
previously set. Then, with your knife, cut 
back the top to a bud iust above, or even with 
the surface of the ground. Do not leave more 
than two buds on any one of the young vines 

*On receiving your vines from the nursery, they 
should be taken out of the box, without delay, and 
heeled-in, which is done as follows: In a dry and well 
protected situation, a trench is made in the soil 12 to 15 
inches deep, and wide enough to receive the roots of the 
plants, and of any required length, the soil being thrown 
out upon one side. The plants are then set thickly to- 
gether in the trench, with the tops in a sloping direction 
and against the bank of soil thrown out of the trench: 
another trench is made parallel to the first, and the soil 
taken from it is thrown into the first, covering the roots 
carefully, filling in all of the interstices between them. 
Press down the soil, and smooth off the surface, so that 
water shall not lodge thereon. When one trench is fin- 
ished, set the plants in the next, and proceed as before. 
When all this is completed, dig a shallow trench aromu 
the whole , so as to carry off the water and keep the sit- 
uation dry. 



GRAPE MANUAL 



19 



which you are planting, however strong the 
tops, or however stout and wiry the roots may 
be. One cane is sufficient to grow, and merely 
to be prepared for possible accident, both buds 
are allowed to start. The weaker of the two 
shoots may afterwards be removed or pinched 
back. 

When planted in the fall, raise a small mound 
around your vine, so that the water will drain 
off, and throw a handful of straw or any other 
mulch on the top of the mound, to protect it; 
but do not cover the vine with manure, either 
decomposed or fresh, under any circumstances. 

It is a well authenticated fact that, under the 
action of nitrogenous agents, the grape grows 
more luxuriant, its leaves are larger, its pro- 
duct increases in quantity. But the products 
of vineyards so manured have an acknowledged 
defect — they impart to the wine a flavor which 
recalls the kind of manure applied. Moreover, 
nitrogenous substances exclusively used hasten 
the decay of vineyards and the exhaustion of the 
soil. 

We use no manures in our vineyards, except 
the ashes of the stumps and brush, which we 
burn on the spot in clearing, and the decom- 
posed leaves of the forest, which we have to 
turn under in plowing our grounds. Other 
soils may require manures, and ours may, in 
later years. But even those authorities who fa- 
vor manures in preparing certain grounds, or 
long after planting, do not allow any decompos- 
ing organic matter to come in contact with the 
newly planted vine.* 

During the first summer, little else can be 
done than to keep the ground mellow, loose 
about the plants and free from weeds ; stirring 
the ground, especially in dry weather, is the 
best stimulant, far better than liquid manure, 
and mulching (spreading over the ground a 
layer of tan-bark, sawdust, straw, salt, hay, or 
the like, to maintain a more uniform state of 
temperature and moisture for the roots) is far 



* The experiments made in France during the years 
1872. 1878 and 1^74, with different methods of treating 
vines diseased hy Phylloxera, led to the conclusion that 
manures especially thosa rich in potash and nitrogenous 
substances, benefit the affected vines. Squares thus 
treated, which were benefited in ls72 and 1S73, have, in 
1874. in some cases almost returned to their original vig- 
or, but the Phylloxera has not disappeared. And the 
ministerial commission, reporting on tht-se experiments 
believed itself justified In asserting that manures, rich 
in potash and nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or earthy 
sulphates, refuse of salt-works, soot, wood ashes, ammo- 
nia, or fat lime, have increased the productiveness of the 
vines and allowed the fruit to ripen. Prof. AT. Roessler 
of Klosternenuurg. Austria, believes in fighting the in- 
sect with manure and phosphates, ammonia and potash. 
This treatment succeeds in porous soils, and to obtain 
this porosity the learned CEnologue made use of dyna- 
mite, raising the ground thus from a great depth, with- 
out injuring the vines. 



better than watering. Do not tie your young 
vines up, do not pinch off the laterals ; by allow- 
ing them to lie on the ground, during theirs* 
season, more vigorous stems will be obtained. 
A fair growth is about four feet the first sum- 
mer. In the fall, after the foliage is all off, cut 
back to two or three buds. Cover the short cane 
left with a few inches earth before the ground 
freezes. 

During the following winter, the trellis 
should be built. The plan adopted by most of 
our experienced grape growers, as possessing 
some advantages over other plans, especially if 
grapes are grown in large quantities, is as fol- 
lows : Posts of some durable timber (red cedar 
is best) are split 3 inches thick and about 7 feet 
long, so as to be 5 feet in height after being set; 
these posts are set in holes two feet deep, 16 to 
18 feet apart in the rows (so that either 2 vines 
8 feet apart, or 3 vines 6 feet apart, are between 
two stakes), three wires are then stretched hor- 
izontally along the posts, being fastened to each 
post with a staple f) , which is driven in so firmly 
that the wire is prevented from slipping through. 
The two end posts should be larger than the 
others and braced (Fig. 20), so that the contrac- 







Fig. 20.— (Four wires, 15 inches apart.) 



u 



tion of the wire (in cold weather) will not 
loosen them. The first wire is placed about 18 
inches from the ground and the others 18 inches 
apart; this brings the upper wire about 4 feet 6 
inches from the ground. The size of wire used 
is No. 10 annealed iron; but No. 12 wire is 
strong enough. At the present prices of wire 
the cost per acre will be from $40 to $60, ac- 
cording to distance of rows and number[of wires 
used. 
No 12 is the size most commonly used. 

The Ludlow Saylor Wire Company, St. Louis , 
furnish us the following table, which may serve 
in calculating- the cost: 



20 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 




Fig, 21. 



6 
u 




o 
o 

O "1 


05 

ft . 

. 05 
nil— i 


u 
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"Peo 
So 


© . 


T) O 

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& U 00 


u 

o 

ft . 
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s I » 

2 00 05 . 

aS Coo 3 


o 


A 


^£ 


5a 


Ng 




01 o 


ss 


CO O 


.9 

CO 






o 


o£= 


fflrl 


h © 


o 


0"0 •" 


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9 


64 


18.36 


323 


342 


609 


1560 


986 


$64 15 


10 


8 


14.97 


264 


420 


747 


1280 


807 


64 50 


11 


8 


11.95 


211 


529 


939 


1000 


645 


51 60 


12 


«4 


9.24 


163 


700 


1244 


800 


499 


42 35 


13 


9* 


7.05 


124 


893 


1519 


568 


377 


36 00 


14 


9£ 


5.51 


97 


1142 


2031 


456 


296 


27 25 



In place of the wire, slats or laths may serve 
the same purpose (as seen in fig. 21), but they 
are not durable, and the posts must then be put 
in much closer. Another mode of making wire 
trellis (the Fuller plan) is with horizontal bars 
and perpendicular wires, as shown in a follow- 
ing illustration (fig. 22). Posts of good, hard, 
durable wood, 3 inches in diameter and 6£ to 




Fig. 22. 

7 feet long, are placed between the vines, at 
equal distance from each vine, and in a line 
with them, two feet deep in the ground. When 
the posts are set, nail on strips about 2k inches 
wide and 1 inch thick, one strip or bar being 
placed one foot from the ground, and the other 
at the top of the post. Then take No. 16 gal- 
vanized iron wire and put it on perpendicularly, 
twisting it around the lower and upper bar, at 
a distance of about 12 inches apart. Galvan- 
ized iron is preferable, and as a pound of No. 
16 wire gives one hundred and two feet, the ad- 
ditional expense is but very small. This trellis 



will probably cost less than with horizontal 
wires, and is preferred by some. Practical ex- 
perience, however, speaks in favor of horizontal 
wires, and a method with only two horizontal 
wires, the lower about 3 feet high and the upper 
about 5i feet high, is gaining the good opinion 
of vineyardists, East and West. A good many 
grape growers train their vines to stakes, be- 
lieving it to be cheaper, and the decline in the 
price of grapes and wine induces many to adopt 
the least costly plan ; one, two and three stakes 
will be recommended by some, all of which will 
prove a slovenly — very inconvenient method. 
And yet, quite recently, a method of training 
our vines to but one stake each, pruning the 
vine to two branches, which are wound spirally, 
in opposite directions, around the stake, and 
nailed fast to its top, has been not only claimed 
as a new invention and as an improvement in 
grape culture, but has actually been patented ! 
(J. B. Tillinghast, modes of training and secur- 
ing Grave-vines, No. 155,995. Patented Oct. 
13, 1874.) 

Some people believe even that we could dis- 
pense with both trellis and stakes entirely, and 
urge the adoption of the " Souche " or " Buck 
Pruning" plan used in parts of France and 
Switzerland, but quite impracticable for our 
strong growing species. 

If you have covered your young vines last 
fall, remove the earth from over them at the ap- 
proach of spring; then cultivate the -whole 
ground; plowing between the rows from four to 
six inches deep, and carefully hoeing around 
the vines with a pronged hoe ; the two-prong 
German hoe or Karst, has been generally used 
in vineyards, but since we got Hexamer's prong- 
hoe we prefer this excellent tool. The ground 
should thus be broken up, inverted and kept in 
a mellow condition continually; but do not 
work the ground xohen wet! 

During the second summer, a cane or shoot is 
produced from each of the two or three buds 
which you left on the young vine last fall. Of 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



21 




these young' shoots, if there arc three, leave on- 
ly the two strongest, tying them neatly to the 
trellis, and let them grow nnchecked to the up- 
permost wire. 

"With the strong-growing varieties, especially 
where we intend to grow the fruit .on laterals or 
spurs, the two main canes are pinched off when 
they reach the second horizontal wire, whereby 
the laterals are forced into stronger growth, 
each forming a medium-sized cane, which is 
shortened in the fall from four to six buds. One 
of the two main canes may be layered in June, 
covering it with mellow soil, about an inch 
deep, leaving the ends of the laterals out of the 
ground. These will generally make good plants 
in the fall for further plantations; with varie- 
ties which do not grow easily from cuttings, 
this method is particularly desirable. Fig. 23 
shows the vines tied and pruned, accordingly, 
at the end of the second season (the cross lines 
through the canes showing where they are cut 
off or pruned). 

Another good mode of training, recommended 
by Fuller, is to bend down in fall, at the end of 
the second season, the two main canes of the 
vines (the laterals of which have been pinched 
back to concentrate the growth into these main 
canes) in opposite directions, laying and tying 
them against the lower wire or bar of the trellis, 
as shown in figure 22, and shortening them to 
four feet each. Then let five or six of the 
buds on the upper side of the arms be grown in- 
to upright canes. All buds and shoots not 
wanted for upright canes, should be rubbed or 
broken off. This latter method is not well 
adapted for varieties which require covering in 
winter. Where the canes are started lower, 
near the ground, and cut loose from the wire, 
they can be easily covered with earth. 

At the commencement of the third season (un- 
cover and) tie the canes to the trellis, as shown 
before. For tying, any soft string or stout 
woolen yarn, the shreds of old gunnies, may be 
used ; some obtain their tying material from 
basswood-bark, soaked for two weeks or longer 



in running water. Mr. Husmann 
recommends to plant the Golden 
"Willow or any other willow (Pur- 
purea Vinivalis), and to use its 
small twigs for tying purposes. Tie 
tightly, and as young canes grow, 
keep them tied, but, in all cases, 
take care against tying too tightly, 
as the free flow of sap may be ob- 
structed. 
The ground is now plowed and hoed again, 
as described before. From each of the buds 
left at the last pruning (as shown in the 
preceding figures), canes can be grown du- 
ring the third year, and each of these canes 
will probably bear two or thi'ee bunches of 
fruit. There is danger of their being injured 
by over-bearing, on which account the bunches 
should be tl.inned out by taking away all im- 
perfect bunches and feeble shoots. In order to 
secure future fruitfulness of the vine, and to 
keep it at the same time in our convenient con- 
trol, we should allow no more wood to grow 
than we need for next seasons' bearing, and for 
this purpose we resort to Spring pruning, gen- 
erally, though improperly, called: 

SUMMER PRUNING. 

The time to perform the first summer pruning 
is when the young shoots are about six inches 
long, and when you can see plainly all the small 
bunches — the embryo fruit. We commence at 
the lower two spurs, having two buds each, and 
both started. One of them we intend for a 
bearing cane next summer; therefore, allow it 
to grow unchecked for the present, tying it, if 
long enough, to the lowest wire. The other, 
which we intend for a spur again next fall, we 
pinch with the thumb and finger to just beyond 





Fig. 2i. Fig. 25. 

the last bunch or button, taking out the leader 
between the last bunch and the next leaf, as 
shown in fig. 24, the cross line indicating where 
the leader is to be pinched off. We now come 



22 



BTJSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 



to the next spur, on the opposite side, where 
we also leave one cane to grow unchecked, and 
pinch off the other. 

"We now go over all the shoots coining from 
the arms or laterals tied to the trellis, and also 
pinch them beyond the last bunch. Should any 
of the buds have pushed out two shoots, we rub 
off the weakest; we also take off all barren or 
weak shoots. If any of them are not sufficiently 
developed we pass them over, and go over the 
vines again, in a few days after the first pinch- 
ing. 

The bearing branches having all been pinched 
back, we can leave our vines alone until after 
the bloom, only tying up the young canes from 
the spurs, should it become necessary. But do 
not tie them over the bearing canes, but lead 
them to the empty space on both sides of the 
vine, as our object must be to give the fruit all 
the air and light we can. 

By the time the grapes have bloomed, the lat- 
erals will have pushed from the axils of the 
leaves on the bearing shoots. Now go over 
these again, and pinch each lateral back to one 
leaf, as shown in fig. 25. In a short time, the 
laterals on the fruit bearing branches which 
have been pinched will throw out suckers again. 
These are stopped again, leaving one leaf of the 
young growth. Leave the laterals on the canes 
intended for next years' fruiting to grow un- 
checked, tying them neatly with bass or paw- 
paw bark, or with rye straw to the wires. 

If you prefer training your vines on the hori- 
zontal arm system (fig. 22) the mode of summer 
pruning will be in the main the same. Pinch 
off the end of each upright shoot as soon as it 
has made two leaves beyond the last bunch of 
fruit ; the shoots after being stopped will soon 
start, and after growing a few inches should be 
stopped again, as we wish to keep them within 
the limits of the trellis, aud the laterals should 
be stopped beyond its first leaf. Thus we try 
to keep the vine equally balanced in fruit, foli- 
age and wood. It will be perceived that fall 
pruning, or shortening-in the ripened wood of 
the vine, and summer pruning, shortening-in 
and thinning out the young growth, have one 
and the same object in view, namely, to keep 
the vine within proper bounds, and concentrate 
all its energies for a two-fold object, namely, 
the production of and ripening of the most per- 
fect fruit, and the production of strong, healthy 
wood for the coming season's crop. Both ope- 
rations are, in fact, only different parts of one 
and the same system, of which summer pruning 
is the preparatory, and fall pruning the finishing 



part; but while the vine will bear, without ap- 
parent injury, any reasonable amount of prun- 
ing during its dormant state, in fall or winter, 
any severe cutting during summer is an unmit- 
igated evil. G. W. Campbell, the well-known 
horticulturist, says: "All the summer pruning 
I would recommend, would be the early rub- 
bing out of superfluous shoots, upon their first 
appearance ; leaving only what is required for 
next years' bearing wood. This, with the 
pinching or stopping the ends of such shoots or 
canes as were disposed to be too rampant in 
growth, would be all I would ever consider 
necessary. Some of the most successful grape 
growers within my knowledge, carefully prune 
their vines in fall or early spring, and then 
leave them entirely without summer pruning." 
The importance of this matter is so great that 
we subjoin — 

husmann's method of summer pruning 

THE VINE. 

[Extract from his excellent articles in the "Grape Cul- 
turist " on this most important operation.] 

Without proper aud judicious summer prun- 
ing, it is impossible to prune judiciously in the 
fall. If you have allowed six to eight canes to 
grow in summer where you need but two or 
three, none of them will be fit to bear a full 
crop, nor be properly developed. We prune 
longer in fall than the majority of our vintners, 
which gives a double advantage; should the 
frost of winter have injured or killed any of the 
first buds, we still have enough left; and should 
this not be the case, we still have our choice to 
rub off all imperfect shoots; to reduce the num- 
ber of bunches at the first pinching, and thus 
retain only strong canes for the next years' 
fruiting, and have only large, well developed 
bunches. 

But to secure these advantages we have cer- 
tain rules, which we follow strictly. We are 
glad to see that the attention of the grape grow- 
ers of the country is thoroughly aroused to the 
importance of this subject, and that the old 
practice of cutting and slashing the young 
growth in July and August is generally dis- 
countenanced. It has murdered more promising 
vineyards than any other practice. But people 
are apt to ruu into extremes, and many are now 
advocating the " let-alone" doctrine. We think 
both are wrong, and that the true course to steer 
is in the middle. 

1. Perform the operation early. Do it as 
soon as the shoots are six inches long. At this 
time you can oversee your vine much easier. 
Every young shoot is soft and pliable. You do 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



23 



not rob the vine of a quantity of foliage it can- 
not spare (as the leaves are the lungs of the 
plant and the elevators of the sap). You can 
do three times the work that you can perform a 
week later, when the shoots have become hard- 
ened, and intertwined by their tendrils. Ke- 
member that the knife should have nothing to 
do with summer pruning. Your thumb and 
linger should perform all the work, and they 
can do it easily if it is done early. 

2. Perform it thoroughly and systematically. 
Select the shoots you intend for bearing wood 
for next year. These are left unchecked ; but 
do not leave more than you really need. Re- 
member that each part of the vine should be 
thoroughly ventilated, and if you crowd it too 
much, none of the canes will ripen their wood 
a« thoroughly nor be as vigorous as when each 
has room, air and light. Having selected these, 
commence at the bottom of the vine, rubbing 
on' all superfluous shoots, and all which appear 
weak and imperfect. Then go over each arm 
or part of the vine, pinching every fruit bearing 
branch above the last bunch of grapes, or, if 
this should look weak or imperfect, remove it 
and pinch back to the first perfectly developed 
bunch. Should the bud have pushed out two 
or three shoots, it will generally be advisable to 
leave only the strongest, and remove the bal- 
ance. Do not think that you can do part of it a 
little later, but be unsparing in taking away all 
you intend to take this time. Destroy all the 
caterpillars, and all the insects you find feeding 
on the vines, the steel-blue beetle, who will eat 
into the buds. But protect the lady-bug, man- 
tis, and all the friends of the vine. 

We come now to the second stage of summer 
pruning. After the first pinching, the dormant 
buds in the axils of the leaves, on fruit-bearing 
shoots, will each push out a lateral shoot, oppo- 
site the young bunches. Our second operation 
consists iu pinching each of these laterals back 
to one leaf as soon as we can get hold of the 
shoot above the first leaf, so that we get a young 
vigorous leaf additional, opposite to each bunch 
of grapes. These serve as elevators of the sap, 
and also as an excellent protection and shade 
to the fruit. Remember, our aim is not to rob 
the plant of its foliage, but to make two leaves 
grow where there was but one before, and at a 
place where they are of more benefit to the 
fruit. By our method, our rows of vines have 
the appearance of leafy walls, each bunch of the 
fruit properly shaded, and yet each part ot the 
vine is properly ventilated. We come now to 



another of those accidental discoveries, which 
has proved of great use to us in the manage- 
ment of the Concord, Herbemont, Taylor, etc. 
In the summer of 1862, when a piece of Con- 
cord, planted 1861, was growing rapidly, a se- 
vere hail storm cut up the young shoots, com- 
pletely defoliating them, and breaking the ten- 
der and succulent shoots at a height of about 
two feet. The vines were growing rapidly, and 
the dormant buds in the axils of the leaves im- 
mediately pushed out laterals, which made very 
fair sized canes. In the following fall, when we 
commenced to prune, we found from three to 
five of these strong laterals on each cane, and 
accordingly shortened them in to from three to 
five and six buds each. On these laterals we 
raised as fine a crop of grapes as we ever saw, 
certainly much finer than we had ever before 
raised on the strong canes ; and we have since 
learned to imitate hail storms by pinching the 
leaders of young shoots when they have grown, 
say two feet, forcing out the laterals, and grow- 
ing our fruit on the latter, thus meeting with 
another illustration of the old proverb, " It is 
an ill wind that blows nobody any good." 

After the second pinching of the fruit-bearing 
bianehes, as described above, the laterals will 
generally start once more, and we pinch the 
young growth again to one leaf, thus giving 
each lateral two well developed leaves. The 
whole course should be completed about the 
middle of June here, and whatever grows after- 
wards should be left. In closing, let us glance 
at the objects we have in view : 

1. To keep the vines within proper bounds, 
so that it is at all times under the control of the 
vintner, without weakening its constitution by 
robbing it of a great amount of foliage. 

2. Judicious thinning of the fruit at a time 
when no vigor has been expended in its devel- 
opment. 

3. Developing strong, healthy foliage, by 
forcing the growth of the laterals and having 
tivo young, healthy leaves opposite 3ach bunch, 
which will shade the fruit and serve as conduc- 
tors of the sap to the fruit. 

4. Growing vigorous canes for next year's 
fruiting and no more, thereby making them 
stronger; as every part of the vine is thus ac- 
cessible to light and air the wood will ripen bet- 
ter and more uniform. 

5. Destruction of noxious insects. As the 
vintner has to look over each shoot of the vine, 
this is done more thoroughly and systematically 
than by any other process. 



24 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



FALL OR WINTER PRUNING. 

This may be performed at any time, dur- 
ing mild days, while the vine is in a dormant 
state, generally from November to March, but 
should be done at least a week before vegeta- 
tion is likely to commence. Tender varieties, 
which require covering, must, of course, be 
pruned in November. 

Different varieties will require somewhat dif- 
ferent treatment, some varieties (strong grow- 
ers) will fruit better if pruned to spurs on old 
wood, than on the young canes, retaining the 
old canes and pruning the healthy, strong 
shoots or laterals they have to two buds, 
whereas, others (only moderate growers) will 
flourish and bear best when pruned short and 
to a cane of last season's growth. 

The observing vintner will find some hints 
in our descriptive catalogue, but only by prac- 
tice and experience can he learn the best method 
for each variety. 

The following are the views of Mr. Husmann 
on this subject: 

Some varieties will bear more readily and 
larger bunches upon the laterals of the young 
canes, some upon the spurs of a few eyes on old 
bearing branches, and some will fruit readily 
upon the principal canes. This should govern 
you in pruning. 

Most of the strong grotoers of the Labrusca 
species, (Concord, Hartford, Ives, Martha, Per- 
kins, etc.,) as well as some of its more vigorous 
Hybrids, (Goethe, "Wilder, etc.,) and especially 
some -ZEstivalis, (Herbemont, Cunningham, 
Louisiana, Rulander,) will fruit best on the lat- 
erals of the young canes of last summer's growth 
provided they are strong enough, which they 
will be if they have been pinched according to 
our directions ; the fruit buds at the base of the 
principal canes are seldom well developed, and 
will not bring much fruit. We therefore grow 
the fruit on the laterals, which can be shortened 
in to from two to six eyes each, according to 
their strength. All these rank growers should 
have plenty to do, that is they should be pruned 
long, much longer than is generally done. 
Should too many bunches appear, you can 
easily reduce the number at the first pinching. 
All the Cordifolia, and some of the -ZEstivalis 
class (Cynthiana and Norton's Virginia), pro- 
duce best on spurs on tivo or three year old canes; 
they will also bear better on spurs on laterals 
than on main canes, but do not produce their 
best fruit until they can be " spurred in " on old 
arms. For this purpose, select for your spurs 



strong, well ripened shoots, cut them back two 
to three eyes each, and cut out all the small and 
imperfect ones. You may leave from thirty to 
fifty buds, according to the strength of your 
vine, and always bear in mind that you can re- 
duce the number of bunches, when summer 
pruning. 

A third class produces readily audabundantly 
from the main canes. This comprises the vari- 
ties which do not grow very strong, the more 
tender Labrusca and all of more or less Vinifera 
characteristics, viz: the Alvey, Cassady, Creve- 
ling, Catawba, Delaware, Iona, Rebecca. — 
These will produce best on short canes of say 
six eyes, short pruning, and the old renewal 
plan may be as good as any for them. There is 
also much more danger of overtasking this class 
than both of the others, and they should never 
be allowed to bear too much. 

Grape Culturist, Aoy. 1870. 

From the above it will be seen that different 
methods apply to different varieties, and we 
may add that they ought to be also modified ac- 
cording to other circumstances. Those, there- 
fore, who have recommended various and con- 
tradictory systems of training and pruning may 
have each been right; but were wrong in be- 
lieving their preferred method the only correct 
method in all cases, or equally well adapted for 
all species and varieties of grapes. Bearing this 
in mind the intelligent vintner will soon learn 
how far one or the other systems is best appli- 
cable in his case. 

SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT. 

We may now consider the vine as fully estab- 
lished, able to bear a full crop, and when tied 
to the trellis in spring, to present the appear- 
ance as shown in fig. 26. 




(Fig. 26.) 

The operations are precisely the same as in 
the third year. If you train your vines on the 
horizontal system, the upright canes, which 
were pruned back to two buds each, will now 
produce two shoots each, If more than one 
shoot should proceed from each of these two 
buds, or if other shoots should start from small 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



25 



buds near the arms only the strongest one 
should be allowed to grow, and all others 
rubbed off. Instead of ten to twelve upright 
canes, you will have twenty to twenty four, and 
allowing three bunches to each, you may get 
seventy bunches to every vine, the fourth year 
after planting. These canes are now to be 
treated the same, as regards stopping, pinching 
laterals, etc., during each subsequent year of 
their growth. 

There are many other modes and systems of 
training, but the same general rules and princi- 
ples prevail in nearly all. 

There is one well authenticated fact in the 
fruiting of the grape, viz: that the finest fruit, 
the best, earliest and largest crops are produced 
upon the strongest shoots of the previous years' 
growth. The only proper system of pruning 
will therefore be that which encourages and se- 
cures an abundance of such shoots. By this 
general principle all new systems, so called, 
should be proved, and beginners in grape cul- 
ture may be able to guard against receiving 
false impressions with reference to any mode 
which may fall under their observation ; and 
this caution is the more necessary as young 
vines will bear good crops for a feto years, even 
under very indifferent treatment In all sys- 
tems of training which involve the retention of 
wood beyond five or six years, as in the case of 
spur pruning, and the methods with permanent 
horizontal branches, it is absolutely essential to 
remove the older wood at certain periods, and 
replace it with younger wood from near the 
base of the plant. Fixed rules can hardly be 
given for an operation which requires so much 
thought and such close acquaintance with the 
growth and bearing habits of the different 
varieties. 

If you desire to train your vines for arbors or 
on walls, leave but one shoot to grow during 
the first summer, and if necessary even the sec- 
ond, so that it may get very strong. Cut back 
to three eyes in fall, these will each throw out a 
strong shoot, which should be tied to the arbor 
they are designed to cover, and allowed to grow 
unchecked. These three canes will be cut back 
in the fall following to three buds each, which 
will give us three principal branches, each with 
their canes the third or fourth season; of each 
of these branches, cut next fall one cane to two 
eyes, and the others to six or more buds, ac- 
cording to the strength of the vine, then gradu- 
ally increase the number of branches and cut 
back more severely those which fruited. In this 
manner a vine can be made in the course of 



time to cover a large space, produce a large 
quantity of fruit, and get very old. 

Those who desire further information and di- 
rections on various modes of pruning and train- 
ing, or on the culture of grape vines in glass 
houses, we refer to Chorlton's Grape Growers' 
Guide; Fuller's Grape Culturist; Hoare's Cul- 
tivation of the Grape-vine on open Walls ; and 
other books on Grape Culture, especially also to 
an article on Pruning and Training the Grape- 
vine, by Wm. Saunders, United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. Report, 1866. 

DISEASES OF THE GRAPE VINE. 

The vine, with all its vigor and longevity, is no less 
subject to diseases than all other organic bodies, and as 
we cannot remove most of their causes, and can even 
with the best care prevent and cure but few, our first 
attention must be given to the selection of healthy 
plants and of hardy varieties. You have already been 
warned against planting the Grape Vine in heavy, wet 
soil, where water stagnates, or in places exposed to 
early and late frosts. You have been impressed with 
the necessity of clean cultivation, stirring the soil,® of 
proper training, and of thinning the fruit. It you dis- 
regard these points, even the healthiest and most vig- 
orous varieties of vines will become diseased. 

" The Mildew is probably our most formidable disease. 
It is a fungus; two distinct kinds are infesting our 
vines. The one "Odium Tuckeri," of Europe, shows a 
powdery appearance on the upper surface of leaves, and 
frequently forms a somewhat leathery coating on shoots 
and berries. Its effects are to corrode and prevent the 
further swelling of the parts attacked. Grapes that are 
touched by it, will show an indurated spot, hard and 
brown, the portions of the berry not attacked, will 
swell out freely, and all that this hurt portion can do is 
to crack open, which it uuially does, and the seeds 
may frequently be seen to protrude from this crack. 

But the mildew most injurious to our native grapes 
is altogether different. This is a Peronospora, and 
shows itself on the under surface of the leaves, usually 
looking like a small patch of whitish-brown, downy 
matter. It adheres closely to the leaf, and is a perfect 
parasite; it destroys the part where it adheres, the sun 
burns a ho'e, and it is called blister, leaf-bligbt, etc. 
But if you say that it is mildew— oh. no ! I never had 
any mildew. Being confined to the under surface of 
tke leaves it escapes observation. This mildew is en- 
couraged by continued damp, rainy weather, or even 
constant heavy dews, followed by still, balmy days ; 
anything in fact that will prevent moisture from quickly 
leaving the foliage." Wm. Saunders. 

* We are aware of the fact that in certain seasons and 
peculiar soils, neglected vineyards, filled with grass and 
weeds have escaped diseases and borne full crops, while 
well hoed and cultivated vineyards suffered severely, es- 
pecially from rot ; but the rule holds nevertheless good , 
in general. After a season of severe drouth, tor instance, 
tall ploughing may cause the evaporation of the .scanty 
remaining moisture in the loosened soil and render the 
exhausted roots a prey to severe frosts, while the un- 
ploughed, baked surtace would serve as a protection 
against both. Such exceptions have misled some grape 
giowers to advocate non-cultivation, or even grass 
sowing in their vineyards. But after a year or two a 
stunted growth, and unproductiveness of their vines was 
the result. 



26 



BUSHBKRG CATALOGUE. 



The European varieties are more subject to this dis- 
ease than our indigenous sorts. In France and Ger- 
many it is successfully combated with flour of sulphur, 
early and often applied, on the lower surface of the 
leaves.* With our prices of labor it would scarcely be 
practicable except in cold graperies or garden culture , 
and it is best not to plant largely of those varieties 
which are very liable to this disease. 

The Sot There are several kinds of Sot in the ber- 
ries, (well known to all cultivators to their dismay,) 
specially prevalent in heavy soils and during wet sea- 
sons; (at least the dry climate of California seems a 
complete safeguard against both mildew and rot,) and 
whatever the causes, the best method to pursue is to 
choose varieties that are least linble to be affected, and 
to plant them upon well drained soil. 

Sun-scald is another disease, or, probably, only an- 
other stadium of mildew. The leaves seem to be- 
come blistered or burnt; that portion injured will turn 
brown, and in a few days it becomes dry and crisp. If 
the leaves are much injured by sun-scald the fruit does 
not mature. (This shows the absurdity of removing 
the leaves to make the grape ripen better or sooner.) 
Sun-scald and mildew often go together, and vines af- 
fected by the one are very likely to be attacked by the 
other. 

There is another species of fungus called rust, and 
some other diseases, but they are by far less injurious 
and formidable than the many noxious 

INSECTS. 

[Our limited space only permits us to briefly refer to 
a few of those insects which we have found most inju- 
rious in our own vineyards. These are, however, for 
the most part unnoticed in any of our standard treatises 
on the Grape-vine, and for the facts regarding them we 
are indebted to the valuable Entomological Reports of 
the State of Missouri.] 

The Grape Phylloxera. 

{Phylloxera vastatrix.) 
Among the insects injurious to the Grape-vine none 
have ever attracted as much attention as the Phyllox- 
era, which, in its essential characteristics, was un- 
known when the first edition of this little work on 
American Grape-vines was written. The gall-inhabit- 
ing type of this insect, it is true, was noticed by our 
grape-growers, many years ago, (especially on the Clin- 
ton) but they knew nothing of its root-inhabiting type. 
Even Fuller — who informs us that in Mr. Grant's cele- 
brated grape-nurseries, (as far back as 1858) the men 
were in the habit of combing out, with their fingers, 
the roots of young vines to be sent ofl', in order to get 
rid of the knots — never mentions anything of this, nor of 
any root-infesting insect, in his excellent Treatise on 
the Cultivation of the Native Grape, though 16 pages 
are devoted to its insects. In the Spring of 1869 M. J. 
Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, first hazarded the opinion 
that the Phylloxera, which was attracting so much at- 
tention in Europe, was identical with the American 

"The practice is to mix the sulphur with an equal 
quantity of line air-slacked lime, and apply the powder 
with the aid of bellows, of which a very cheap style is 
manufactured for thin purpose. The first application is 
made as soon as the blossoms are off. in June, and re- 
peated once a month during the summer, 'the main 
point is to secure an even distribution in a dry time, and 
to make sure work, this application should be made be- 
fore any signs of mildew appear, and repeated 8 or 4 
times during the season. 



Leaf- gall Louse, (first described by Dr. Asa Fitch, 
State Entomologist of New York, by the name of Pem- 
phigus vitifolice); and in 1870, Prof. C.V.Riley suc- 
ceeded in establishing the identity of their gall insect 
with ours, and also the identity of the gall and root- 
inhabiting types. The correctness of his views is con- 
firmed by the subsequent researches of Prof. Planchon, 
Dr . Signoret, Balbiani , Cornu , and other scientists in 
France; lately also of Prof. Roessler, in Klosterneu- 
burg in Austria.* 

After visiting France in 1871, and then extending his 
observations here, some of which were made in our 
Bushberg vineyards, Prof. Riley first gave us every 
reason to believe " that the failure of the European 
vine ( V. Vinifera) when planted here, the partial fail- 
ure of many hybrids with the European Vinifera, and 
the deterioration of many of the more tender-rooted 
native varieties, are mainly owing to the injurious work 
of this insidious little root-louse; also, that some of 
our native varieties enjoy relative immunity from the 
insects' attacks" — M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, having 
previously noticed the remarkable resistance of certain 
American vines in the midst of European vines dying 
from the effects of Phylloxera. The importance of 
these discoveries to grape culture cannot be too highly 
appreciated. The French Minister of Agriculture com- 
missioned Professor Planchon, of Montpellier, to visit 
this country to study the insect here— the harm it does 
to our vines, or the power of resistance which these 
possess, f His investigations not only corroborated 
Prof. Riley's conclusions regarding the Phylloxera, but 
gave him, and through him to the people of Europe, a 
knowledge of the quality of our native grapes and 
wines, which will be very apt to dispel much of the 
prejudice against them that has so universally prevailed 
heretofore. 

To discuss this subject as it deserves; to give a his- 
tory of the Grape Phylloxera; the progress and extent 
of its ravages; the experiments made to prevent these; 
to review the influence which it had and probably 
will have on American grape-culture — would far ex- 
ceed the scope of this brief manual. The literature of 
this subject would already All a respectable library. 
We can here merely mention a few facts, and give some 
figures, which may enable the grape-grower to recog- 
nize and to observe this minute, yet so important in- 
sect; and we refer those who desire full and reliable 
information to Prof. Riley's Entomological Reports, 
especially the Sixth, for 1S74, from which we cull 
largely. It will be understood that all the figures are 
very highly magnified, and that the natural sizes are 
indicated by dots within circles, or by lines. 

The following figure of a grape leaf, shows the galls 
or excrescences produced by the gall-inhabiting type of 
the insect. On carefully opening one of the galls, we 
find the mother louse diligently at work surrounding 
herself with pale-yellow eggs, scarcely (.01) the one hun- 



* While this is going to press we learn from Dr. A. 
Blankenhorn , Carlsruhe, Germany, that the Phylloxera 
has just been found in three different places, ( Annaberg, 
Carlsruhe ami Worms) always on the roots of American 
vines, which, however, did not show the slightest symp- 
tom of disease. 

t The full report of Prof. Planchon has just been pub- 
lished in the form of a most interesting little volume— 
" Les Vignes Americaines. leur resistance au Phylloxera 
et leur avenir en Europe." Paris 1S75. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



27 





[Under side of Leaf covered with Gal Is. 1 

dredth part of an inch long, and not quite half as thick. 
She is about .04 inch long, of a dull orange color, and 
looks not unlike an immature seed of the common purs- 
lane. The eggs begin to hatch, when six or eight 
days old, into active little beings, which differ from 
their mother in their brighter yel- 
low color, more perfect legs, etc. 
issuing from the mouth ol the 
jail, these young lice scatter over 
the vine, most of them finding 
their way to the tender terminal 
leaves, and commence pumping 
up and appropriating the sap, 
forming gall9 and depositing eggs. 
[Type Gallicola : c. as their immediate parent had 
egg; d, section of d before. This process con- 
gall; e, swelling ol u "" c " * 
tendril.] tinues during the summer, until 

the fifth or sixth generation 
Every egg brings forth a fertile female which soon be- 
comes wonderfully prolific 

By the end of Sep- 
tember the galls are 
mostly deserted and 
those which are left are 
usually infected with 
mildew, and eventu- 
ally turn brown and 
decay. The young lice 

attach themselves to J hatcued " La ^ a . 

the roots, and thus hi- ventral; b, dorsal view.] j 
bernate. It is an important fact that the gall-inhabit- 
ing insect occurs only as an agamic and apterous female 
form. It is but a transient summer state, not at all es- 
sential to the perpetua- 
tion of the species, and 
does, compared with the 
other, or root-inhabit- 
ing type, but trifling 
damage. It flourishes 
only on the Eiparia, 
more especially on the 
Clinton and Taylor ; a 
[Mother Gall-louse ; ventral few of its galls have 
and dorsal views] been noticed on some 

other varieties, and abortive attempts are often made 




", 




to found them on others. And in some seasons it is 
even difficult to find a few galls on tbe very vines on 
which they were very abundant the year before . 

The root-inhabiting type of the Grape Phylloxera 
hibernates mostly as a young larva, attached to the 
roots, and so deepened in color as generally to be of a 
dull brassy brown, and therefore with difficulty per- 
ceived, as the roots arc often of the same color. With 
the renewal of vine growth in the spring, this larva 
moults, rapidly increases in size, and soon commences 
laying eggs. These eggs in due time give birth to 
young, which soon become virginal, egg-laying mothers 
like the first, and like them, always remain wingless. 
Five or six generations of these egg-bearing mothers 
follow each other, when, about the middle of July, in 
the latitude of St. Louis, some of the individuals begin 
to acquire wings and continue to issue from the ground 
until vine-growth ceases in the fall. Having issued 
from the ground while in the pupa state, they rise in 
the air and spread to new vine- 
yards, where they deliver them- 
selves of their issue in the form 
of eggs, and then perish. In 
the course of a fortnight, these 
eggs which are probably depos- 
ited in the crevices on the sur- 
face of the ground, near the 

J A\sfi9V>\\' lxlse °f tne v i ne ' produce the 

\ [j lkJ ^ r \wV\ sexual individuals, which are 
born for no other purpose than 
the reproduction of their kind, 
and are without means of flight 



^~.^ 




[MALE 1'hylloxeka; 
Ventral Mew.] 



or of taking food. They are quite active and couple 
readily. 

Every piece of root having rootlets, taken from an 
infected vine during August or September, will present 
a goodly proportion of pupa?, and a glass jar tilled with 
such roots and tightly closed, will furnish daily, for 
some time, a dozen or more winged females, which 
gather on the side of the jar toward the light. We may 
gather some idea from this fact of the immense number 
that disperse through the air to new fields, from a single 
acre of infected vines in the course of the late summer 




[Typk RadiCicola; showing the tubercles by 
which it is distinguished from Gallicola.] 

and lall months. We have, therefore, the spectacle of 
an underground insect possessing the power of contin- 
ued existence, even when confined to its subterranean 
retreats. It spreads in the wingless state from vine to 
vine and from vineyard to vineyard, when these are 
adjacent, either through passages in the ground itself, 
or over the surface ; at the same time it is able in the 
winged condition, to migrate to much more distant 
points. 

If to the above account we add that occasionally in- 



28 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



dividuals, under certain conditions, abandon their nor- 
mal underground habit, and form galls upon the leaves 
of certain varieties of grape-vines, we have in a general 
way, the natural history of the species. 

Tbe annexed figure shows the abnormal swelling of 
the rootlets, which follows the puncture of the root- 
louse; they eventually rot and the lice forsake them and 
betake themselves to fresh ones. As these decompose, 
the lice congregate on the larger parts beyond, until 
at last the root system literally wastes away. 

During the first year of attack there are scarcely any 
outward manifestations of disease; only the second and 
third year — when the fibrous roots have vanished, and 
the lice not only prevent the formation of new ones, 
but settle on the larger roots, which also eventually 
become disorganized and rot — do the outward symp- 
toms of the disease become manifest, in a sickly, yel- 
lowish appearance oi the leaf, and a reduced growth of 
cane; and the vine dies. When the vine is about dy- 
ing, it is generally impossible to discover the cause of 
the d°ath, the lice having previously left for fresh pas- 
turage. 

As is frequently the case with injurious insects, tbe 
Phylloxera shows a preference for and thrives best on 
certain species, and even discriminates between varie- 
ties, or what amounts to the same thing, practically, 
some species, or varieties, resist its attacks and enjoy a 
relative immunity from i's injuries. A knowledge 01* 
the relative susceptibility of different varieties to the 
attacks and injuries of the imect, is therefore of para- 
mount importance . Information on this subject, based 




[TYPE IUdicicola:— a, slunvs a healthy root; b, one on 
which the lice are working, representing the knots and 
swellings caused by their punctures; c, a root that has 
been deserted by them, and where the rootlets have com- 
menced to decay; d. d, d. show how the lice are found on 
the larger roots ; e, female pupa, dorsal view ; g, winged 
female, dorsal view.] 



on the researches of Prof. Riley, in addition to careful 
observation and experiments, made during the last 
four years by ourselves and our many correspondents 
in France and in this country, are contained in this cat- 
alogue, both in the "Description of Varieties" and in 
the notes to Dr. Engelmann's "Classification of Spe- 
cies." (Pages 4 — 12.) 

The reasons why certain vines thus enjoy exemption 
while others so readily succumb, cannot be fully ascer- 
tained, but in a broad way it may be stated that there 
is a relation between the susceptibility of the vine and 
the character of its roots — the slow-growing, more ten- 
der-wooded and consequently tender-rooted varieties 
succumbing the most readily. 

We see in the general resistibility of our purely na- 
tive American vines against the Phylloxera, a remark- 
able verification of that law which Darwin has so ably 
established and aphoristically expressed, as " the sur- 
vival OF THE FITTEST." 

Professor Riley, in explaining " Why the insect is 
more injurious in Europe than here," says: "There 
exists a certain harmony between the indigenous fauna 
and flora of a country; and our native vines are such 
as, from their inherent peculiarities, have best with- 
stood the attacks of the insect. The European vine, on 
the contrary, succumbs more readily, not only because 
of its more tender and delicate nature, but because it 
has not been accustomed to the disease — there being, 
doubtless, a parallel between this case and the well- 
known fact that diseases and parasites which are com- 
paratively harmless among peoples long accustomed to 
them, become virulent and often fatal when first intro- 
duced among hitherto uncontaminated peoples. Then 
the particular natural enemies of the insect which be- 
long to its own class, and which in this country help to 
keep it within due bounds, are lacking in Europe; and 
it will require some time before the closely allied Euro- 
pean predaceous species will prey upon and check it 
there to the same extent. The Phylloxera will, also, 
all other things being equal, have an advantage in those 
countries where the mildness and shortness of the win- 
ter allow an increase in the annual number of its gen- 
erations. Finally, the differences in soil and in modes 
of culture have no insignificant bearing on the question 
in hand. Though Phylloxera, in both types, is found 
on our wild vines, it is very doubtful if such wild vines 
in a state of nature are ever killed by it. With their 
far reaching arms embraiing shrub and tree, their 
climbing habit unchecked by the pruner's knife, these 
vines have a corresponding length and depth of root, 
which render them less susceptible to injury from an 
under-ground enemy. Our own method of growing 
them on trellis approaches more nearly these natural 
conditions than that employed in the ravaged French 
districts, where the vines are grown in greater proxim- 
ity and allowed to trail upon the ground, or are sup- 
ported to a single stake." 

Again, after speaking of the large numbers of winged 
females rising from the ground during late summer and 
fall, he adds the following cogent reason in a recent 
number of the New York Tribune: "The winged female 
Phylloxera is wafted about, and will lay her eggs, or. 
in other words, deliver herself of her progeny, wher- 
ever she happens to settle. If this be upon the grape- 
vine, well and good— the young live and propagate, if 



GKAPE MANUAL. 



29 



upon other plants, they perish. We thus have the 
spectacle of a species annually wasting itself to a greater 
or less extent, just as in the vegetable kingdom most 
species produce a superabundance of seed, the larger 
portion of which is destined to perish. Thus in the 
thickly planted vine districts of France, few winged 
insects would fail to settle where their issue could sur- 
vive, while in America, an immense number annually 
perish in the large tracts of other vegetation interven- 
ing between our vineyards." 

Under the stimulus of a large reward (300,000 francs) 
appropriated for the purpose by the French Govern- 
ment, innumerable plans have been proposed and ex- 
periments made during the last five years, but no rem- 
edy has yet been discovered which gives entire satisfac- 
tion, or is applicable to all conditions of soil. Submer- 
sion is an efficacious remedy, but on most and espec- 
ially on the best hilly vinelands, submersion is imprac- 
ticable. An admixture of sand in the soil is also of 
service, as the root- louse does not thrive on sandy soils. 
Sulpho-carbonate of potassa and coal-tar are now men- 
tioned as capable of destroying the Phylloxera, and 
Mr. Mares as President of the Ministerial Commission, 
in his report on the various (140) modes of treatment 
tried in 1872 to 1874, states that manures rich in potash 
and nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or earthy sulphates, 
refuse of salt-works, soot, wood-ashes, ammonia, or 
fat-lime, have given the best result. Prof. Roessler 
also believes in lighting tbe insect with manure and 
phosphates, ammonia and potash, which treatment 
succeeds in porous soils; and to obtain this porosity he 
made use of dynamite, raising the soil from a great 
depth without injuring the vines, lie then puts some 
chalk and phosphorus at the foot of the stock and irri- 
gates. A gas is disengaged by the humidity, which de- 
stroys great quantities of insects. But the grape grow- 
ers seem not to believe in these medicinal insecticides, 
or consider them impractical, too costly, and their ap- 
plication too laborious. Many prefer in a great measure 
to resort to planting American vines, mostly with a 
view to graft thereon their own varieties. In Germany, 
however, the importation 6f our vines and cuttings has 
been prohibited by law, to prevent Ihe introduction of 
the dreaded insect. 

While this may be a wise precaution where the in- 
sect does not exist, we tear that it comes too late. Its 
existence for several years in France, in England also, 
and its having been discovered in Switzerland and in 
several localities in Germany, all tend to thwart the 
very object of this prohibition, which is to preserve the 
German vineyards froni infection . Riley and Planchon 
have established the fact that the insect is indigenous 
to the N. American continent, east of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, and there is little doubt but that it was first im- 
ported into Europe on American vines. Yet it must 
not be supposed that our American vines are all neces- 
sarily infested with Phylloxera, or that the insect has 
been introduced in every locality where our vines have 
been planted. On the contrary there are localities 
where, from the isolated nature of the vineyards, or the 
nature of the soil, it is difficult to find the insect, and 
like many other indigenous species, it is in some years 
very numerous and injurious; in others scarcely to be 
seen. There is no positive evidence yet that it can be 
imported on cuttings, though such transport is not im- 



possible. It should be recollected also that vines im- 
ported in late winter or early spring, cannot possibly 
carry the insect, even if infected, in any other than the 
egg or larva form; as no winged insects are then in ex- 
istence, to escape on the way, or upon opening the 
cases. While, therefore, we recognize the wisdom of 
prohibiting the importation of American vines into 
non-infected districts, it would seem unwise to cut off 
from those districts already infected , the use of Ameri- 
can vines, which withstand the insect's attacks; and the 
danger of importing the insect would be avoided if the 
plants or cuttings upon being unpacked were placed in 
a bath of strong soapsuds. The greatness of the evil, 
however, even justifies extreme measures. 
The Grape Leaf-hopper. 

(Erythroneura vitis.) 




Very generally but erroneously called Thrips. This 
is one of the most troublesome insects the grape-grower 
has to deal with. It is a very active little thing, run- 
ning sideways like a crab, and dodging round quickly 
to the other side when approached. It jumps with 
great vigor, and congregates in great crowds upon 
the under side of the leaf, pumping up the sap, and 
thus causing numerous brown dead spots, and often 
killing the leaf entirely. A vine badly infested with 
these leaf-hoppers wears a speckled, rusty and sickly 
appearance, while the leaves often drop prematurely 
and the fruit in consequence fails to ripen. There are 
several species attacking the Vine — all belonging to the 
same genus, however, and only differing in color. The 
natural history of this insect is not recorded by entom- 
ologists, but Prof. Riley informs us that the eggs are 
thrust into the leaf-stems. Tobacco-water and soap- 
suds are recommended, in the books, to be syringed on 
the vines as a remedy; but we would recommend 
passing between the rows with a torch in the evening, 
smearing the stakes in Spring with soft soap or other 
sticky substance, and burning the leaves in the Fall. 
The hoppers fly to the light of the torch ; and as they 
pass the winter under leaves, loose bark of the stakes, 
etc., cleanliness in and about the vineyard is of the first 
importance in checking their ravages. The torch remedy 
is most effectual when three persons work in company, 
one between two rows with the torch, and one on the 
further side of each of the rows to give the trellis a 
slight shake and disturb the hoppers. 

The Grape Leaf-folder. 

(Desmia maculalis.) 
This is a worm of a glass-green color, very active, 
wriggling, jumping and jerking either way at every 
touch. It folds rather than rolls the leaf, by fastening- 
two portions together by its silken threads. The chrys- 
alis is formed within the fold of the leaf. The moth is 
conspicuously marked with black and white, all the 
wings being bordered and spotted as in the annexed 



30 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 




Grape Leaf-folder. — 1, larva; 2, head and thoracic joints 
enlarged; 3, chrysalis; 4, 5, male and female moths.] 

figures. The male is distinguished from the female by 
his elbowed antennae, thickened near the middle, while 
those of the female are simple and thread-like. The 
moths appear in early Spring, but the worms are not 
numerous till mid-summer. A good method to destroy 
the worms is by crushing them suddenly with both 
hands, within the leaf. The last brood hybernates in 
the chrysalis state, within the fallen leaves, and much 
may be done towards checking the ravages of this 
worm, which during some years are very severe, by 
raking up and burning the dead leaves in the Fall. 

The Grape-vine Fidia. 

(Fidia viticida.) 
This beetle, often miscalled the 
Rose-bug, is one of the worst foes of 
the Grape-vine in Missouri. It makes 
its appearance during the month of 
June, and by the end of July has gen- 
'1 erally disappeared. When numerous 
it so riddles the leaves as to reduce 
them to mere shreds. Luckily this 
beetle drops to the ground upon the 
slightest disturbance, and thus enables us to keep it in 
check, by taking a large basin, with a little water in it 
and holding it under the insect. At the least jar the 
bugs will tall into the dish. "When a quantity have thus 
been caught, throw them into the fire or pour hot water 
upon them. Mr. Poeschel, of Hermann, raised a large 
brood of chickens and had them so well trained that all 
he had to do was to start them in 'he vineyard with a 
boy in front to shake the infested vines, and he himself 
behind the chicks. They picked up every beetle that 
fell to the ground; and next season he could scarcely 
find a single Fidia. 

The Gigantic Root-borer. 

(Priomis laticollis.) 




a smooth, oval chamber in the earth, 
wherein it assumes the pupa form . If the 
roots are larger it remains within them to 
undergo its changes. The perfect insect 
is a large, dark brown beetle, which first 
appears toward the end of June, and is 
very commonly found during the Sum- 
mer and Fall months, rushing, often with 
a heavy noisy flight, into lighted rooms. 
Prof. Riley has shown that this borer not 
only attacks living trees and vines, but 
that it also breeds in dead oak stumps, 
and can travel through the ground from one place 
to another; from which facts he draws the important 
corollary that it will not do to leave oak stumps to 
rot on ground which is intended for a vineyard — a fact 
which our experience corroborates. Little can be done 
in the way of extirpating these underground borers, 
their presence being only indicated by the death of the 
vine. Wherever you find vines suddenly dying from 
any cause unknown, search for this borer, and upon 
finding one, (in each case we have found but one at each 
tree or vine) put an end to his existence. 

The Grape-vine Flea-beetle. 

(Haltica ckalybea.) 





This large borer is often met with in and about the 
roots of several kinds of plants, such as the Apple, the 
Pear, and the Grape, to which it is very destructive. 
It follows the roots, entirely severing them in many 
instances, so that the vines soon die. When fully 
grown it leaves the roots it was inhabiting, and forms 



[a, larva, natural size; b, do. magnified; c, cocoon; 
d, beetle enlarged.] 

Like all Flea-beetles, this insect has very 
stout swollen hind thighs, by means of which 
it is enabled to jump about very energetically, 
and is consequently very difficult to capture. 
The color of the beetle varies from steel- 
blue to metallic-green and purple. The bee- 
tles hibernate in a torpid state under any 
shelter, such as loose bark, crevices of stakes 
etc., and they are roused to activity quite 
early in the spring, doing the greatest dam- 
damage at this early season by boring into and scooping 
out the unopened buds. As the leaves expand, they 
feed on these, and soon pair and deposit their small 
orange eggs in clusters on the underside of the leaf. 
These eggs soon hatch into dark-colored larvae, which 
may be found of all sizes during the latter part of May 






GKAPE MANUAL. 



31 



aud early part of June, generally on the upper side of 
the leaf, which they riddle, devouring all but the largest 
ribs. A dusting of dry lime kills the larvae, but the 
beetle has to be caught and killed. 

The Grape-berry Moth. 

{Lobesia botrana . ) 




[a, moth; b, worm; c, hole made in berry; d, rotting 
berry, caused by worm.] 

This insect first attracted attention about seven years 
ago. About the first of July the grapes that are at- 
tacked by the worm begin to show a discolored spot 
at the point where the worm entered. Upon opening 
such a grapo, the inmate will be found at the end of a 
winding channel. It continues to feed on the pulp of 
the fruit, and upon reaching the seeds, generally eats 
out their interior. As soon as the grape is touched 
the worm will wriggle out of it, and rapidly let itself to 
the ground, by means of its ever ready silken thread, 
unless care be taken to prevent its so doing. The co- 
coon is often formed on the leaves of the vine, in a man- 
ner essentially characteristic : the worm cuts out a clean 
oval flap, leaving it hinged on one side, and rolling the 
flap over, fastens it to the leaf, and thus forms for itself 
a cozy little house in which it changes to a chrys- 
alis. In about ten days after this last change takes 
place, the chrysalis works itself out of the cocoon and 
the little moth, represented in the figure (hair lines 
showing natural size), makes its escape. As a remedy 
we recommend picking up all fallen berries and con- 
verting them into vinegar; as upon racking off the juice 
and water, countless numbers of these worms are found 
in the sediment. This insect was named Penthnia viti- 
vorana, by Dr. Packard, in this country, but Prof. 
Riley informs us that it is probably an importation 
from Europe, where it is known as Lobesia botrana. 

The Rose-chafer. 
(Macrodactylus subspinosus.) 
This is the true "Rose-bug,'' injurious to 
many plants, but especially hard on grape- 
vines during some years. In Prof. Riley's 
words: " It is one of those species whose 
larva develops under ground, and cannot be 
very well dealt with in this stage of its life. 
We must contend with it in the beetle form , 
and there is no other effectual means than by hand- 
picking, or by shaking into vessels and on to sheets. 
This work can be greatly facilitated by taking advant- 
age of the insect's tastes and preferences. It shows a 
great predilection for the Clinton, and its close allies, 
of all other varieties of the Grape-vine, and will gather 
upon that variety and leave others unmolested, where 
it has a chance. Those who are troubled with this 
beetle will no doubt take the hint." 




The Grape Ourculio. 

{Ca'liodes imequalis.) 





[a. berry infested ; 6, larva; c, beetle ; the hair line show- 
ing natural length.] 

The larva of this curculio infects the grapes in June 
and July, causing a little black hole in the skin, and a 
discoloration of the berry immediately around it, as 
seen in the above figure. From the middle to the 
last of July this larva leaves the berry and buries itself 
a few inches in the ground, and by the beginning of 
September the perfect insect issues from the ground 
and doubtless passes the winter in the beetle state, 
ready to puncture the grapes again the following 
May or June. This curculio is small and inconspicu- 
ous, being of a black color with a grayish tint. It is 
represented above, the hair line underneath showing 
the natural size. This insect is very bad some years, 
at others scarcely noticed, being doubtless killed by 
parasites. It is thus that nature works : " Eat and be 
eaten, kill and be killed," is one of her universal laws, 
and we can never say with surety because a particular 
insect is numerous one year, therefore it will be so the 
next. 

All infested berries should from time to time, as they 
are noticed, be collected and destroyed, and the beetle 
may be jarred down on sheets as with the Plum Cur- 
culio. 

There are several cut worms, which eat the young, 
tender shoots of the vine, and draw them into the ground 
below; they have destroyed, or kept back at least, 
many a young vine. The little rascals can be easily 
found and destroyed by digging for them under the 
loose clods of ground beneath the young vine. 

There are many other insects injurious to the Grape- 
vine—large solitary worms— insects which lay eggs in 
the canes— others which make curious galls, etc.; but 
the reader who desires an acquaintance with these, 
must refer to Prof. Riley's reports. 

Besides the insect, you will have yet other enemies 
to combat; foxes and birds, and, worst of all, some 
two-legged beings in human shape— thieves — who will 
steal your grapes if you do not watch and threaten to 
keep them off with powder and shot. We do. 

GATHERING THE FRUIT. 

Whether it be for the table or for wine, do not pick 
the grape before it is fully ripe. Every grape will color 
before ripe; some do so several weeks before, but when 
thoroughly ripe the stem turns brown and shrivels 
somewhat. In the finest qualities, the sweetness and 
aroma of the grape juice are fully developed only in the 
perfectly matured grape; and we consider the late ripen- 
ing varieties as far superior, especially for w T ine, to the 
early kinds; but, of course, only in such localities where 



32 



BTJSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



late grapes will mature . This noble fruit does not ripen, 
like some other fruit, after being gathered. Always 
gather the grapes in fair weather, and wait till the dew 
has dried off before commencing in the morning. Cut 
off the clusters with a knife or shears, and clip out the 
unripe or diseased berries, if any, taking care however, 
that the bloom shall not be rubbed off, nor any of the 
berries broken, it they are to be sent to market, or to be 
kept into winter. 

For packing grapes for market, shallow boxes, hold- 
ing from three to ten pounds, and especially manufac- 
tured for the purpose in all the principal grape regions, 
costing about one cent per pound, are used. In 
packing, the top is first nailed on and a sheet of thin 
white paper put in; whole bunches of grapes are first 
put in; the vacant places left are filled with parts of 
bunches, so that all the space is occupied and the whole 
box packed, as closely and as full as possible, without 
jamming. Another sheet of paper is now laid on and 
the bottom nailed down. By this means, when the 
boxes are opened, only entire bunches are found at the 
top. 

Grapes could be easily preserved for months if you 
had a cool room or cellar, where the temperature could 
be kept between 35° and 40°. In a warm, damp atmos- 
phere, grapes will soon rot. Mr. Fuller recommends, 
for preserving grapes, to bring them first into a cool 
room, spread them out and let them remain there for a 
few daj s, uutil all surplus moisture has passed off; then 
pack, them away in boxes, placing the bunches close 
together, and thick sheets of paper between each layer. 
When the boxes are filled put them away in a cool 
place; examine them occasionally and take out the de- 
cayed berries, from time to time, as they appear. If 
the place is cool and the fruit ripe and sound, they will 
keep three to lour months. Another method by which 
grapes are sometimes successfully preserved till late in 
March, especially in France, is this: cut a branch hav- 
ing two bunches of fruit attached and place the lower 
end in a small bottle of water, through a perforated 
cork; seal the upper cukend of the branch and also the 
cork with sealing wax. A little charcoal in the water 
preserves its purity. The bottles are then placed in a 
dry cool room, where the temperature is pretty even 
and never falls below freezing point, and are kept in an 
erect position (usualiy by a rack made lor the purpose) 
care being taken that the clusters do not touch each 
other and that every imperfect grape be removed as 
fast as it shows signs of tailing. But very few persons 
however, can bestow this care and still less have a fruit 
room or cellar, that can be kept so cool (40°). 

Lately we have seen and tasted Concord grapes, kept 
lresh and beautiful, in a porous, unglazed earthen jar, 
manufactured for this purpose by T. J. Price, Macomb, 
Ills., who says: " The clusters are to be laid carefully 
in them as soon as picked, and then taken to the cellar 
or basement, or some cool place where they can have 
both ventilation and moisture ; if they are put in a room 
above ground, sprinkle the floor occasionally, and let 
them have the night air until cold freezing weather. 
The pores of these jars are filled with a salt solution, 
as they come from the kiln, then the inside coated with 
a common thick limewash. The salt solution in the 
pores is intended to absorb the moisture and thus to 
produce a cool and even temperature inside the jar, and 



the lime is to prevent mould. These jars can be used 
again from year to year, only they should be first 
soaked in strong brine and then whitewashed inside, 
before they are filled again with grapes." If grapes 
will keep so easily, and in as fine condition as we have 
seen them last JafTuary (1875) , these jars are really a 
valuable novelty. [We have none of these jars for sale, 
nor do we know where they can be obtained, except, 
perhaps, from the manufacturer.] 

The best mode of preserving the delicious juice of the 
grape, with its delightfully nutritious constituents, in 
a concentrated and almost imperishable form, is by 

WINE MAKING. 

"Wine is like rain — tailing on dirty ground, it augments dirt; 
— on good soil, it becomes a blessing." — Mirza Shaffy. 

We have been urged to embody in this Manual a 
chapter upon this subject, and we intended to do so, 
but the very attempt to write it only proved to us most 
conclusively, that it is impossible to furnish, within 
the limited scope of this Catalogue, anything that 
would be valuable, either as a guide to the inexperi- 
enced, or as a vade meeum to the wine-maker. 

The intelligent farmer and amateur grape grower 
who desires to transform his surplus fruit into that in- 
nocent, health-giving beverage, "Wine," we refer to 
Rernelin's Wine Makers Manual, and Husmanri's Grapes 
and Wine. The professional, experienced vintner will 
not look to this little Manual for information, and those 
grape growers who desire to make wine on a large 
scale, without possessing themselves sufficient knowl- 
edge for doing it -we can only advise to engage some 
experienced man who knows how to treat wines; and 
there are already plenty of them in this country. It 
need not be a Professor of Chemistry, who may only 
adulterate the wines by his scientific manipulations; on 
the contrary, we would prefer a plain " wine cooper," 
one who is used to attend to wines himself from his 
youth, to watch them with the care and cheerfulness of 
a mother to her infant, and who will not permit your 
wines to leave his nursing hands before they are and 
will keep clear and perfect, racking off and filling up 
whenever required, and keeping not merely your casks 
and bottles, but every part and corner of your cellars 
most admirably clean. 

If you should say that you cannot afford to keep such 
a man, then, we say, you cannot afford to build cellars 
either; and 'you would do best to associate for the pur- 
pose with one or more ot your neighbor grape growers. 
But if you have your own cellars and plenty of grapes, 
you can certainly afford to pay such a man, and to pay 
him well, at least until you or your sons have learned 
from him. 

Then only shall we be able to produce the best, to es- 
tablish a reputation for American wines equal to those 
of Europe, and to compete with them; then only shall 
we be able to provide for ourselves and for the people 
of this continent, that healthy and delicious beverage, 
known for all times to be the promoter of civilization; 
excessive whisky drinking will gradually vanish; our 
national temperament will be more joyous and happy, 
and grape growing permanently profitable. 



DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 



NOTE TO THE READER.— The following descriptions of our American varieties are probably the most complete 
that have so far appeared; but all description by words must necessarily be inadequate, and even figures are 
but insufficient aids. It is only by familiarizing oneself with the characteristics of the species to which each variety 
respectively belongs, that these descriptions become thoroughly intelligible; we have, therefore, coupled with 
each variety the species to which it seems most closely allied, or from which it originated. First is given the 
standard name in Full-face type ; then the synonyms in Small Capitals, then the species in Italics, abbreviating 
them thus: (Cord.) for Cordifolia or rather Riparia; (Labr.) for Labrusca, and ( JEst) for iEstivalis. (see pages 6 
to 10). 

The descriptions of varieties which are discarded, and not propagated by us, also of new varieties which 
are not yet disseminated, are printed in smaller type. The descriptions of the more important varieties, 
printed in larger type, contain notes on their roots and woodgrowth, given for the first time, and based on our 
observations only. _ Under different conditions of soil, climate, and other circumstances, they might vary 
somewhat. In speaking of the canes and woodgrowth we refer to the natural habit of canes of thrifty, healthy 
vines, permitted to grow in a natural way. unrestrained by pinching or training to a given system. 

Where the weight of must is recorded, it is to show the sugar in degrees on Oechsle's scale, and the acid in 
mills by Twitchell's acidometer. 



Adirondac. {Labr.) Originated at Port 
Henry, Essex Co., N. Y.; (first noticed 1852.) 
Probably a seedling of the Isabella, being much 
like it in growth and foliage. Ripens very ear- 
ly — about the same time as the Hartford Prolific. 
Bunch large, compact, not shouldered; berry 
large, oblong, black, covered with a delicate 
bloom, transparent, with a tender pulp; thin 
skin; juicy and vinous; quality best, "when 
you can get it." — "Unreliable." — "The nearest 
approach to a foreign grape.'' — Husmann. 

Reports not generally satisfactory. A slow, 
tender grower. Young vines have mildewed, 
and older ones need protection. Blooms early, 
and fruit destroyed by late frosts. Roots very 
weak and tender. Wine, agreeable flavor, low 
in sugar and acid. 

Advance. One of Mr. Rickett's* new seedlings, a 
cross between Clinton and Black Hamburg. "A su- 
perior grape, and, as a whole, perhaps in advance of 
all his others. The berry is black, with a slight blue 
bloom, roundish oval; bunch large, long and shouldered; 
flesh too good to describe, except pomologically, and 
then I think it would read 'best.'"— F. R. Elliot, N. T. 

Bunch large, berry medium, thin skin, scarcely any 
pulp; sweet and very sprightly — decidedly the best 
early grape we have yet met with. Vine healthy, vig- 
orous and productive, but the fruit rotted badly this 
season. Fully ripe at this time, July 30, 1874. — Sam. 
Miller, Blvffton, Mo. 

Alexander. Syns : Cape, Black Cape, Schuyl- 
kill MUSCADEL, CONSTANTIA. SPRINGMILL CON- 

stantia, Clifton's Constantia, Tasker's Grape, 
*See RickeWs Seedling Grapes. 



Vevay, Winne, Rothrock of Prince, York Lis- 
bon. (Labr.) This grape was first discovered by Mr. 
Alexander, gardener to Gov. Penn, on the banks of the 
Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, before the war ot the 
revolution. It is not unfrequently found, as a seedling 
from the wild Fox Grape, on the borders of our woods. 
American grape culture proper began with the planting 
of this variety, at the beginning of our century, by a 
Swiss colony, at Vevay, in Switzerland county, Indi- 
ana, on the Ohio River, forty-five miles below Cincin- 
nati. It was for some time supposed to be the famous 
grape of the Constancia colony, on the Cape of Good 
Hope. Whether John .T.imes Dufour, the respected 
leader of that Swiss colony, shared that error, or 
whether he deemed it necessary to leave them in this 
error — while he had the sagacity to discover that 
their former failures (in Jessamine County, Ky., 1790 — 
1801) were caused by planting foreign grape vines, and 
intentionally substituted a native variety — we do not 
know; certain it is that this was the first successful at- 
tempt to establish vineyards in our country. A very 
good wine, resembling claret, was made from the Cape, 
and it was the favorite of former days, until it was dis- 
placed by the Catawba. (The White Cape is similar to 
above, differing only in its color, which is greenisL 
white.) Downing describes it as follows: " Bunchet 
rather compact, not shouldered; berries of medium size, 
oval; skin thick, quite black; flesh with a very firm 
pulp, but juicy; makes a very fair wine, but is quite 
too pulpy and coarse for table use, though quite sweet 
and musky when fully ripe, which is not till the last of 
October. Leaves much more downy than those of the 
Isabella." W B. Prince, in his Treatise on the Vine, 
N. Y., 1830) enumerates eighty-eight varieties of Amer- 
ican grapes, but "for profit can only recommend the 
Catawba and the Cape; one tenth of the latter variety 
would be enough. Of the two recommended above, the 
Catawba is much the most productive, but the Cape w 
lets subject to rot. Both make good wines." 



34 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 




AGAWAM. (Rogers' Hybrid No . 15 .) 



Agawam. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 15.) Raised 
by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass., and considered 
by him as his best variety, before the introduc- 
tion of the Salem. It is a dark red or maroon 
grape, of the Hamburg cross; bunches large, 
compact, often shouldered; berries very large, 
roundish; skin thick; pulp soft; sweet, spright- 
ly, of peculiarly aromatic flavor, and a little of 
the native aroma ; productive, and of great vigor 
of growth; roots stout, fleshy and moderately 



fibrous, with a thick, smooth liber. Canes very 
stout, moderately long, with comparatively few 
but strong laterals. Wood of average hardness, 
and medium sized pith. Buds large and prom- 
inent. Ripens soon after the Concord. Reports 
generally satisfactory ; succeeds well. In some 
localities it has been subject to mildew and rot, 
and Mr. Husmann says : Its strong flavor is to 
me far from agreeable. The character of the 
cluster and leaf is shown in above figure. 



DESCRIPTION OF YAEIETIES. 



35 



Adelaide. One of Jas. H. Rickett's new grapes; 
a hybrid between Concord and Muscat Hamburg. It 
is described as of medium size; berry of oval shape, 
black, with light blue bloom ; of a sweet but sprightly 
flavor; purplish red flesh. 

Aletha. A seedling of Catawba, originated at Ot- 
tawa, 111. ; said to ripen ten days in advance of Hartford 
Prolific. Described in Prairie Farmer : ' 'Bunches me- 
dium size, stem long; berries banging rather loosely; 
skin thick, color dark purple; juice nearly black, stain- 
ing the hands and mouth. Flesh quite pulpy, with a 
decided foxy aroma; in foxiness and astringency it is 
much the same as a well ripened Isabella." Said to 
promise well as a wine grape for northern localities. 
Not yet disseminated, which is not to be regretted, 
judging from the above description. 

Albino. Syn : Garber's ALBINO. {Labr.) Raised 
hy J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa., (supposed to be a 
seedling of Isabella.) Bunch small; Jerry nearly round, 
slightly oval ; yellowish or amber color. Flesh acid ; 
tough; too late for the north. — Chas. Downing. 

Allen's Hybrid. Raised by J. F. Allen, 
Salem, Mass. ; a cross between the Golden Chas- 
selas and the Isabella; the first of American hy- 
brid grapes. Ripens early, about with the Con- 
cord. Bunches large and long, moderately 
compact; berries full medium to large; skin 
thin, semi-transparent; color nearly white, 
tinged with amber; flesh tender and delicate, 
without pulp, juicy and delicious; has a mild, 
muscat flavor; quality best. The leaves have 
a peculiar erumpled appearance, and partly for- 
eign character. It is apt to mildew and rot, 
and can not be recommended for general cul- 
ture, though it is worthy a place in amateur 
collections. 

Alvey. Syn: Hagar. Introduced by Dr. 
Harvey, of Hagerstown, Md. Generally classed 
with JEst., but its characteristics point to a dif- 
ferent species. Its erect growth, soft and short 
jointed wood, rooting very easily from cuttings ; 
its roots feeble, and incapable of resisting the 
Phylloxera ; the exquisite quality, pure vinous 
flavor — all point to the Vinifera, and force us 
to the conclusion that Alvey originated from an 
intermixture of Vinifera and iEstivalis, crossed 
by natural hybridization. Bunches medium, 
loose, shouldered; berries small, round, black; 
sweet, juicy and vinous, without pulp; a slow 
grower, making a stout short-jointed wood; 
moderately productive; roots medium thick, 
more inclined to the wiry character of the -ZEst- 
ivalis class, with a medium smooth liber. Canes 
remarkably straight and upright, gradually 
tapering, and not inclined to ramble like most 
American varieties. Laterals few and feeble; 
wood rather soft, and with a large pith. These 
characteristics, together with its thin skin and 



total absence of pulp, strongly indicate a foreign 
character. Excellent in quality, and makes 
one of the best red wines, but is apt to drop its 
leaves on southern slopes ; seems to prefer the 
deep rich, sandy loam of our northeastern or 
even northern slopes. Must 85° — 91°. 

Amanda. {Labr.) Description in our former edi- 
tion, copied from Catalogue of Bluffton Wine Co., (and 
Hort. Annual, 1868) totally differs from the fruit which 
we obtained from plants of same source. "We asked 
friend Sam. Miller, at Bluffton, and he says : "It is a 
large black, thick-skinned, hard-pulped grape, a showy, 
but vile Fox." This corresponds with our expe- 
rience, and we discard it. It may be the same as "Au- 
gust Pioneer." 

Aminia. (Supposed Rogers' No. 39.) In 
Fall of 1867 we tried to get those of Rogers' un- 
named hybrids, which we had not yet tested, 
and aware of the confusion existing as to their 
numbers, we obtained a few of each No. from 
different sources at the same time. Of those 
which we planted as No. 39 three survived, but 
not two of them were alike. One of them 
proved especially valuable. To ascertain if 
this were the true No. 39 we addressed Mr. E. 
S. Rogers, to let us have a plant or a graft of 
the original stock of his No. 39, but were in- 
formed that the original stock was lost ! 

One of our vines No. 39 proved so valuable, 
that we determined to propagate it, and planted 
fifty vines thereof, while we destroyed the other 
two. From the commendation given to No. 39 
at the quarter-centennial session of the Am. 
Pomol. Society, by its president, the Hon. M. P. 
Wilder, we have the more reason to suppose 
that ours is the true No. 39 ; but to avoid con- 
fusion with others which may be sent out by 
other propagators, under this number, and 
which may or may not be the same, we gave ours 
the name Aminia. Bunches medium, slightly 
shouldered, moderately compact, more even, 
and better on an average than Rogers' grapes 
generally make ; berries full medium to large, 
dark purple, nearly black, with a fine bloom. 
Flesh melting, with but little pulp, sweet and 
of fine flavor, ripening very early, about with 
the Hartford Prolific. We consider it one of 
our earliest good grapes. Vine moderately vig- 
orous, quite hardy, productive. Deserves to be 
extensively cultivated as a table grape. 

Anna. Seedling of Catawba, raised by Eli Has- 
brouck, Newburg, N. Y., in 1852. G. W. Campbell, ol 
Delaware, Ohio, describes it as very hardy and healthy 
and ot a moderate growth. Bunches rather loose, of 
medium size; berries medium; color light amber, with 
small dark specks, covered with thin, white bloom. 
Rather pulpy. Ripens with the Catawba.— Not worth 
planting here; unhealthy and feeble. 



BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE. 





AUTUCHON. 

Autuction. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 5.) A 
Seedling of Clinton, crossed with Golden Chas- 
selas. Leaves dark green, very deep lobed and 
sharp pointed serratures; the unripe wood is 
very dark purple, nearly black. Bunches very 
long, not heavily shouldered, rather loose; ber- 
ries medium size, round, white (green), with a 
moderately firm, but readily melting flesh, and 
an agreeable, sprightly flavor, resembling the 
White Chasselas. Skin thin, without astrin- 
gency. Ripens with the Delaware. Mr. Sam. 
Miller, the originator of the Martha, bestowed 
the following high encomium upon the new 
grape in 1869 : 

" I have always considered Martha the best 
white native grape, but since seeing and tasting 
the Autuchon, I haul down my colors. If 'it will 
ripen like this in Canada, and if it improves by 
coming here like Rogers' and other Northern 



grapes, then it seems to me, we have all that can 
be desired. It alone is a treasure." 

It is well that friend Miller qualified his en- 
comium by "ifs," for the Autuchon did not 
come up to those expectations ; it proved tender 
and unreliable, in the West at least; its fruit 
subject to rot and mildew, and notwithstanding 
its fine qualities, it will remain but an amateur 
variety and cannot be recommended for profit- 
able culture in vineyards. 

We append an illustration which gives a 
truthful view of the bunch as grown with us, 
for we have never seen any so large as repre- 
sented by the cut used in our former edition, 
and which was obtained from the originator. 

Arnold's Hybrids.* See Othello (No. 1.) 
Cornucopia (No. 2.) Autuchon (No. 5.) Brant 
(No. 8.) Canada (No. 16.) 

Arrot. — (or Arcott?) (Labr.) Philadelphia; lunch 
and berries medium, white; resembling the Cassady in 
appearance, but not as good. " Sweet and good, with 
a thick skin, good grower, and productive." — Eus- 

mann. 

A ugh wick. ( Cord.) Introduced by Wm. A. Fra- 
ker, Shirleysburg, Pa. Bunches shouldered, similar to 
Clinton; Jerries larger than Clinton, black, juice very 
dark, of spicy flavor: said to make a very dark red 
wine, of superior quality, and to be entirely free from 
rot or mildew ; very hardy and healthy. We found it 
not as good as Clinton, and less productive. Should be 
discarded. 

August Pioneer. (Labr.) Origin unknown ; one 
of the coarsest of native sorts; large, black, with a firm, 
hard, pulpy flesh ; fit only for stewing. Middle of Au- 
gust. — Downing. 

Baldwin Lenoir. {J?st.) Originated at West 
Chester, Pa.; said to be a seedling of the Lenoir; bunch 
small, rather loose; berries small, quite dark, almost 
black; flesh somewhat rough, acid, brisk. Reported 
the richest in grape sugar of 26 varieties tested by the 
chemist of the Agr. Department at Washington. In 
foliage and habit of growth, it is much like Lincoln. 

Barnes'. (Labr.) Originated with Parker Barnes, 
Boston, Mass. Bunches shouldered; berries medium, 
oval, black, sweet and good ; nearly as early as Hart- 
ford.— Strong. We have not seen the grape. 



•Mr. Charles Arnold, of Paris, Canada, has been very 
successful in his experiments in hybridizing the native 
Clinton with the pollen of foreign varieties His seedlings 
seem to be of decided promise. The Committee of 'he Paris 
Horticultural Society say in their report: " We find the most 
prominent characteristics of them as a class are : tirst, per- 
fect hard inebS and vigorous growth; second, early ripening 
both ot the fruit and wood, and as yet remarkable freedom 
from diseas- , with larpe, handsome foliage of a very distinct 
character and not woolv ; bunches large on the average; the 
berries larger than medium; skin thin, and in all the num- 
bers we tested, free from puip, and with a full, pleasant, 
sprightly flavor; our judgment being based not on a cursory 
examination, but from having known them for the last two 
seasons. 1 ' 



DESCRIPTION OF VAKIETIES. 



37 



, Barry. (Rogers' No. 43.) One of the most 
attractive of his Hybrids. Bunch large, rather 
broad and compact; berry medium, roundish; 
color black ; flesh tender, of a sweet, pleasant 
flavor; skin thin, somewhat astringent. Vine 
as vigorous, healthy and hardy as any one of 
Rogers' Hybrids. Very productive and early, 
earlier than the Concord. 

Baxter. (j£st.) Bunch large, and long; lerry below 
medium, black; very late in ripening, hardy and pro- 
ductive; not tit for table, but may be valuable for wine. 
—Bluffton Wine Co. 

Bclvidere. (Lair.) Originated by Dr. Lake, of 
Belvidere, Ills., will probably be a valuable market va- 
riety, on account of extreme earliness, large size and 
fine appearance. It is an improvement in bunch and 
berry upon Hartford Prolific, but in quality is not much, 
if any better; like Hartford, it shows a tendency to fall 
from the bunch, especially if a little over-ripe. Being 
in appearance much like Hartford Prolific, only said to 
ripen a little earlier, a description is unnecessary. It 
is said to be ot very vigorous growth, perfectly hardy 
and healthy, and very productive; but so is the Hart- 
ford also, and, we think, we have more than enough 
in one variety ot such poor quality. 

Berks, or Lehigh. {Lair.) Bunch large, shoul- 
dered, compact; lerry large, round, red, little pulp, 
good quality; vine vigorous grower, similar to Catawba, 
of which it is a seedling, and perhaps an improvement 
in size and quality; but also more subject to disease. 

Bird's i;gsr. Probably a seedling of Catawba, 
somewhat similar to Anna. Bunch long, pointed; lerry 
oval, whitish, with brown specks; flesh pulpy; only 
good, curiosity. — Downing. 

Black Defiance. (UnderhilFs 8-8) A splen- 
did, late table grape, about the best black table 
grape we have, with us more desirable than 
Senasqua. If we are rightly informed, it is a 
cross between Black St. Peters and Concord. 
Bunch and berries large, above Concord in size; 
black, with a fine bloom ; three weeks later than 
Concord, and much better in quality. 

Black Eagle. (Underbill's 8-12.) A Hy- 
brid of Labr. and Vinifera. A new, early table 
grape, of best quality, not much earlier than 
Concord, but far superior to that variety in qual- 
ity. The leaf is one of the most beautiful we 
know of, very firm, dark green, deeply lobed, 
of the shape of the foreign. 

The vine is of very erect and vigorous 
growth, hardy and healthy, so far free from mil- 
dew and rot ; roots straight and smooth, almost 
tough, with a medium fiber; canes remarkably 
straight and upright, with numerous, but small 
laterals ; wood firm with medium pith ; bunch 
large, moderately compact; berries large, oval, 
black, with blue bloom ; flesh rich and melting, 



with little pulp. "With Mr. Underhill the fruit 
set imperfectly, but it did not show that fault 
here, and must have been due to unfavorable 
weather during its floresence at Croton Point. 
We consider it one of the most promising va- 
rieties. We give on the following page a full 
size figure of its bunch and leaf, originally made 
for Downing. 

Black Hawk. A seedling from the Con- 
cord, raised by Samuel Miller. " Bunch large, 
rather loose; berry large, black, round, juicy, 
sweet; pulp very tender; ripens full as early as 
the Concord, is superior in quality, and seems 
to be healthy and hardy." — George Husmann. 
We find it a week earlier than Concord. It has 
the remarkable peculiarity that its leaf is so dark 
a green as to appear almost black. 

Bland. (Lair, f ) Syn. Bland's Virginia, 
Bland's Madeira, Bland's Pale Red, Powell. 
It is said to have been found on the eastern shore of 
"Virginia, by Col. Bland, of that State, who presented 
scions to Mr. Bartram, the botanist, by whom it was 
first cultivated. Bunches rather long, loose, and often 
with small, imperfect berries ; lerries round, on long 
stalks, hanging rather thinly; skin thin, at first pale 
green, but pale red when ripe; flesh slightly pulpy, of 
a pleasant, sprightly delicate flavor, and with little or 
no musk scent, but a slight astringency; ripens late; 
foliage lighter green than that of Catawba, smoother 
and more delicate. This vine is quite difficult of pro- 
pagation by cuttings. The above description of this old 
variety, is from Downing' s " Fruits of America." The 
Bland did not succeed or ripen well in the North, and 
has been lost and abandoned South, but we still recog- 
nize in it the type of some of our present varieties. 

Black King. (Lair.) A hardy and vigorous early 
grape, of medium size; sweet but foxy. — Strong. 

Blood's Black. (Labr.) Bunch medium, 
compact; berry medium, round, black, some- 
what harsh and foxy, but 6weet. Very early 
and productive, and therefore valuable for early 
marketing. (Resembling Mary Ann, and has 
often been confounded with it. 

Blue Dyer. (Cord.) Bunch medium; ber- 
ries small, black, very dark juice, promises well 
for wine. — Husmann. 

Blue Favorite. A Southern grape. Vine vigor- 
ous, productive; lunch above medium; lerries medium, 
round, blue-black, sweet, vinous; much coloring mat- 
ter; ripe South in September; (does not ripen well 
North,) said to be esteemed for wine making. — Downing. 

Blue Imperial. (Lair.) Origin uncertain. Vine 
vigorous, free from mildew, not productive. Bunches 
medium, short; lerry large, round, black; flesh with a 
hard acid centre or pulp; ripens with Hartford. Infe- 
rior . — Downing. 



38 



BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 




BLACK EAGLE. (Underbill's 8-12.) 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



39 



Brant. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 8.) 
Seedling of Clinton crossed with Black 
St. Peters. The young leaves and shoots 
dark blood red ; leaves very deeply lobed, 
smooth on both sides. Bunch and berry 
resembling the Clinton in appearance, but 
greatly superior in flavor when perfectly 
ripe; skin thin, free from pulp, all juice, 
sweet and vinous ; seeds small and few 
(1-3) : perfectly hardy ; vine strong, 
healthy grower. A very early and desir- 
able grape; in fact the earliest of all, with 
us, and it would be the most profitable if 
the birds would not destroy the bunches 
as soon as they ripen. For localities 
where grapes ripen later than with us, 
and where birds are less destructive, it is 
worthy of the attention of grape growers. 

Brighton. (Labr.) An excellent new grape, 
raised by H. E. Hooker, of Rochester, N« Y. 
Bunch large and beautifully formed, compact, 
shouldered; berries above medium to large, round, 
of a Catawba color; quality and flavor very su- 
perior. Should the vine prove hardy, healthy 
and productive, it will be a valuable addition to 
our list of grapes. We have been favored with 
it by the originator for testing here, but are not 
allowed to disseminate the same for the present. 

Burroughs'. ( Cord.) From Vermont. Vine 
allied to the Clinton. Bunch small; berry round, 
black, thick bloom; flesh harsh, acid, austere. — 
Downing. 

Burton's Early. (Labr.) A large, early, 
poor Fox grape . Unworthy culture . — Downing. 

Bottivi. (^-Est.) The local name for a very 
remarkable grape, grown in the yard of a gen- 
tleman of that name, in Natchez, Miss. It is 
said to throw all other grapes ever grown there 
(including the Jacquez), completely in the 
background , and is claimed to be the true Herbe- 
mont brought some fifty years ago from S. C. It 
differs from our Herbemont in color, being of a light 
pink in the shade, a dark pink in the full sun. It may, 
perhaps, be the same grape of which mention is made 
under "Pauline." The impartial, trustworthy testi- 
mony of Mr. H. Y. Child, an amateur horticultruralist, 
as to its excellent quality and rapid growth, enormous 
fruitfulness and freedom from rot, made us procure 
and plant some wood of this variety, and, if it succeeds 
with us, we shall consider it as a valuable addition to 
that long neglected but most important class of Ameri- 
can vines, and shall disseminate it among southern 
grape-growers. 

Cambridge. {Labr.) A new grape, origi- 
nated in the garden of Mr. Francis Houghton, 
Cambridge, Mass, and now introduced by Mess. 
Hovey & Co., of Boston, as "of the highest 
merit." They describe it as follows: "It is a 
black grape, somewhat resembling Concord, 
but with more oval berries. Bunches large and 




BRANT. 

shouldered; berries large, with a very thin skin, 
covered with a delicate bloom, and adhering 
firmly to the bunch ; flesh rich, bi isk and re - 
freshing; without pulp, and more nearly ap 
proaching the Adirondac in quality than any 
other native grape. Period of ripening a few 
days before the Concord. The vine has the lux 
uriance of growth and handsome foliage of the 
Concord, while it is quite as hardy, if not 
hardier than that grape. It is entirely free from 
mildew. The Cambridge which we now de- 
scribe (say Messrs. Hovey & Co.), we can quite 
as fully endorse as we did the Concord, just 
twenty years ago, (1854) and we do not doubt 
it will attain an equal, if not a higher rank than 
that variety." 

Camden. (Labr.) Bunch medium; berry large, 
greenish white; flesh with a hard centre; acid; poor. 



40 



BTJSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 




CANADA. 

Canada. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 16.) Raised 
from seed of Clinton, crossed with pollen of 
Black St. Peters. Resembles the Brant (No. 3) 
in appearance, but has a larger berry and 
also ripens later. It is justly praised for 
its rich aromatic flavor and delightful bou- 
quet by all who taste it. Bunch and berry 
above medium ; color black, with a fine bloom ; 
skin thin, free from all harshness and the acid- 
ity common to other native grapes. A moderate 
grower, with peculiar foliage ; hardy, and ma- 
tures its wood well. Will prove valuable for 
wine. 

Canby's August. See York Maderia. 

Catawba. Syn. Red Muncy, Catawba 
Tokay, Singleton. (Labr.) This old and well- 
known variety is a native of North Carolina, 
and has its name from the Catawba river where 



it was found, and introduced to notice fifty 
years ago, by Major John Adlum, of George- 
town, D. C. It has been for many years the 
standard wine grape of the country, and thou- 
sands of acres have been planted with it; but 
owing to its uncertainty, on account of the rot, 
mildew and blight, and its too late ripening in 
the Eastern and Northern States, (in Oct.) it is 
now in many sections being discarded and other 
more reliable kinds are planted instead. In lo- 
calities where it will fully mature, and where it 
seems less subject to disease, there are very few 
better varieties. 

"We are now convinced that the Phylloxera is 
the main cause of its diseases. Wherever ex- 
amined the rootlets of the Catawba were found 
either covered with lice, producing those now 
well-known nodosities, or already dead. Its 
roots are evidently not capable of resisting 
Phylloxera, and yet, unlike European varieties, 
they make new roots, and in favorable seasons 
resume their former vigor for one summer, un- 
til they are sapped again at the foundation. 

In Missouri it did better in 1868 and 1874 than 
since 1857, owing probably to the character of 
the seasons, and comparative immunity from 
Phylloxera. Bunch large, moderately compact, 
shouldered; berries above medium, round, deep 
red, covered with lilac bloom. Skin moderately 
thick ; flesh slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with a 
rich, vinous and somewhat musky flavor. Vine 
a vigorous grower; in favorable seasons and lo- 
calities very productive. Clay shale soil, also 
gravelly or sandy soils seem best adapted. 
Boots light iu comparison to the naturally strong 
growth of the vine, when in a perfectly healthy 
state, with a texture below average hardness ; 
thick liber, and not inclined to push young fi- 
bers as rapidly as other varieties ; canes straight 
and long, with few laterals ; wood of average 
hardness, with a pith a little more than the av- 
erage size. Must ranged from 86° to 91° by 
CEchsle's scale; by Twitchell's scale, 2.02 lbs. 
sugar per gallon of must ; acid 12 to 13 ; at Ham- 
mondport, at an examination conducted under 
the auspices of several prominent pomologists, 
Oct. 12, 1870, only 7.29 per mill. 

The Catawba has quite a number of Seed- 
lings; of Tona and Diana, its two best, and of 
Aletha, Anna, Hine, Mottled, &c., we give de- 
scriptions in their alphabetic order; but some 
are actually the same as Catawba, and only 
pretended seedlings, to sell under a new name ; 
others are so nearly identical as not to require 
description. To this class belong: 
Fancher, claimed to be an early Catawba, 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



41 



Kellers' White, 

Meads? Seedling, 

Mercer on, 

Mammoth Catawba of Hermann, very large in 

bunch and berry, but otherwise inferior 

to the parent, 
Omega, exhibited in 1867 at Indiana State Fair 

not heard of 6ince, 
Saratoga, the same as Fancher, 
Tekoma, a Missouri seedling of Catawba, said 

to be more healthy, 
White Catawba, raised by Mr. John E. Mottier 

and abandoned by himself as inferior to 

its parent. 
Cassady. (Labr.) Originated in the yard of 
H.P. Cassady, Philadelphia, as a chance seed- 
ling. Bunch medium, very compact, sometimes 
shouldered; berry medium, round, pale green, 
covered with white bloom; when very ripe its 
color changes to light yellow ; skin thick and 
leathery, pulpy, but with a peculiar honeyed 
sweetness which no other grape possesses in the 
same degree. Ripens with the Catawba. Vine 
a moderate grower, a true Labrusca in habit 
and foliage ; immensely productive — so much so 
that nearly every fruit bud will push several 
branches, with from three to five bunches each. 
But after thus over-bearing it becomes exhausted 
for several seasons, the leaves drop prematurely 
and the fruit will not ripen. Its root, like that 
of the Catawba, is feeble and not sufficiently re- 
sistive to Phylloxera. 

This grape will flourish best on a north-east- 
ern or northern exposure, and wherever the 
Catawba succeeds, we can safely recommend a 
trial with the Cassady. Perhaps, also, for sandy 
river bottoms. 

Specific gravity of must, 8Q° to 96°. Wine of 
a beautiful golden color, of a good body and de- 
lightful aroma. The " Arrott " resembles this 
grape very much, but is not as good. 
Catawissa, See Creveling. 

Challenge. Supposed cross between Con- 
cord and Royal Muscadine, grown by Rev. 
Asher Moore, N. J. Very early ; short, com- 
pact bunches, shouldered ; large, round berries, 
pale red, with flesh slightly pulpy ; very sweet 
and juicy. Extra hardy wood and leaf; prolific 
and promising: said to be an excellent dessert 
wine and raisin grape. 

Champion, or Early Champion. A new, extra 
early grape, and according to Dr. Swasey's testimony, 
(Am. Pom. Soc. 1873, page 66,) one of the best in culti- 
vation. It originated in New Orleans, and has been 
sent out for the first time in 1873 (by Mr. A. W. Round- 
tree). Bunch medium; berry also, black, with a hand- 



some bloom, slightly oval in shape; thin skinned; soft 
and melting pulp; sweet and pleasant taste, somewhat 
between Ives and Concord; seeds small, 2 to 4 usually, 
in a berry. Ripens ten to fifteen days earlier than 
Hartford Prolific, and shows admirable shipping quali- 
ties. Vine a most vigorous grower; foliage heavy and 
healthy, resembling Ives. We shall try to obtain this 
new, extraordinary grape, for testing as to its adapta- 
bility to our latitude &c. , and for others. 

The lolman's seedling is said to have alse been sent 
out by some dealers under the name of Champion, as a 
new and valuable variety, but if «o, such abuse cannot 
establish a name. 

Charlotte Identical with Diana. 

Charter Oak. {Labr.) A very large, coarse, na- 
tive Fox grape, quite worthless, except for size, which 
makes its appearance as attractive as its musky flavor 
is repulsive. 

Claret. (?) A seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly 
Island, O. Bunch and berry medium; claret red; acid; 
vine vigorous; not valuable. — Downing. 

Clara. Supposed 
to be from foreign 
seed. A white (or 
pale amber) grape, 
very fine for the ta- 
ble ; somewhat like 
Allen's Hybrid. 
Bunch long, loose; 
beiry medium round, 
yellowish green, 
transparent, without 
pulp, sweet and deli- 
cious; but very un- 
certain. Rather ten- 
der, and requires 
protection in the 
winter. Not worthy 
of general cultiva- 
tion, and since we 
have so many supe- 
rior varieties scarcely 
entitled to a place in 
amateur collections. 
Nevertheless we hear 
it praised in France 
as one of the Ameri- 
can varieties doing 
remarkably well 
there, being vigorous 
and productive, ap- 
parently insect-proof 
in the midst of badly 
infected vines. (In the vineyard of M. Borty, at Roque- 
mare.) We are inclined to believe the name is incor- 
rect. The above figure of the Clara grape is reduced to 
one-fourth of natural size, (one-half diameter). 

Clover Street Black. A Hybrid raised by Jacob 
Moore, from Diana, crossed by Black Hamburg. 
Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berries large, 
roundish, black, with a dark violet bloom; flesh tender, 
sweet; vine moderately vigorous; ripens with Concord. 
— Hovey , 8 Mag. 




CLARA. 



42 



BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 



Clover Street Red. ' Same origin as the preced- 
ing. Bunches larger than the Diana, loose, occasionally 
with a similar long stalk or shoulder appended to the 
top; berries large, roundish oval, crimson when fully 
ripe, with a slight Diana flavor; vine a strong grower; 
ripens with Diana. — Eovey , s Mag. 

Clinton. Syn. Worthington. {Cord.) 
Strong says that in the year 1821, Hon. Hugh 
White, then in Hamilton College, N. Y., planted 
a seedling vine in the grounds of Prof. Noyes, 
on College Hill, which is still remaining, and 
is the original Clinton. Bunches medium or 
small, compact, not shouldered; berry round, 
below medium size, black, with a blue bloom; 
skin thin, tough; flesh juicy, with little pulp, 
brisk and vinous ; somewhat acid ; sweeter the 
further south it grows ; colors early, but should 
hang late (until after the first frost) to become 
thoroughly ripe. Vigorous, hardy and produc- 
tive ; healthy, but an exceedingly rank, strag- 
gling grower, and one of the hardest vines to 
keep under control ; it requires a good deal of 
room and spur pruning on old wood to bring 
forth its best results. Being one of the first to 
bloom in spring, it suffers sometimes from late 
frosts. 

"The best poor land grape that is known." 

— Cannon, of North Carolina. 

The leaf of the Clinton is in some seasons 
quite infested by the gall-louse, (the Galloecola 
form of the Phylloxera) but its root enjoys a re- 
markable immunity from the puncture of this 
dreaded insect. The root-lice are found thereon 
but usually in small numbers, and the vine does 
not in the least suffer therefrom, while European 
vines by their side are quite destroyed. 

Roots thin and wiry, but very tough, with a 
hard, smooth liber, rapidly forming new fibers, 
or spongioles, and though much infested by the 
Phylloxera, the insect seems to have little effect 
on the hard texture of the main roots. Canes 
rather slender, but long and rambling, with a 
full complement of laterals and strong tendrils. 
"Wood rather soft and with a large pith. 

Makes a fair, dark red wine, of somewhat dis- 
agreeable taste, resembling claret, which im- 
proves with age; must, 93° to 98° and sometimes 
exceeding 100°. 

Columbia. This grape is said to have been found 
by Mr. Adlum on his farm at Georgetown, D. C. A 
vigorous grower, productive; bunch small, compact; 
berry small, black, with a thin bloom, with very little 
hardness or acidity in its pulp, not high flavored, but 
pleasant and vinous; ripe last of September. — Downing. 

Concord. (Labr.) Popularly known as 
"the grape for the million;" originated with 
E. W. Bull, Concord, Massachusetts. Bunch 



large, shouldered, rather compact ; berries large, * 
globular, black, thickly covered with a beauti- 
ful blue bloom; skin thin, cracks easy; flesh 
sweet, pulpy, tender; colors about two weeks 
before the Catawba, but should be allowed to 
hang late, to develop all its excellence. Boots 
numerous, stout, above average hardness in 
texture, with medium liber, readily pushing 
new fibers under the attacks of Phylloxera. One 
of the best resistants among the Labrusca class, 
and valuable on this account as a stock to graft 
upon. Canes of average thickness, long, ramb- 
ling, with numerous and well developed lat- 
erals. Wood of medium hardness and pith. 
Vines very strong, rampant growers; coarse, 
strong foliage, dark green above, rusty beneath; 
proved very hardy and healthy, and is im- 
mensely productive. In some localities, how- 
ever, often subject to rot on old vines. Its 
beautiful appearance makes it one of the most 
attractive market grapes, and although its qual- 
ity is not first rate, the popular taste has become 
so used to this variety that it sells better than 
superior grapes of less attractive appearance. 
More vines of this variety were planted during 
the last decade than of all other varieties to- 
gether. 

The Concord makes a light red wine, which is 
effectually becoming the laboring man's drink; 
can be produced cheap enough, is very palata- 
ble, and has a peculiar refreshing effect upon the 
system. A white wine may also be made of it 
by pressing the grapes without mashing them. 
Specific gravity of must about 70°. 

The hardiness, productiveness and popularity 
of the Concord induced many attempts to raise 
seedlings therefrom, with a view to further im- 
provements, but so far with no marked success. 
A few have been named, but remain almost un- 
known, except to their originators, and are 
probably not sufficiently distinct, nor superior 
to their parent. 

The Black Hawk and Cottage are only earlier. 

The Main grape was claimed to be earlier, 
but proved to be a Concord only under another 
name. 

The Modena, raised by A. J. Caywood, of 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

The Paxton, by F. F. Merceron, of Catawissa, 
Pa. 

WorderCs Seedling, by S. Worden, Minetta, 
N. Y. 

Young America, by Sam. Miller, of Bluffton, 
Mo., quite resemble Concord. They are not 
propagated. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



43 



By these experiments it was found that the 
Concord shows a strong tendency to produce 
white seedlings, of which Martha was the earli- 
est, and became one of the leading varieties. 

Eva and Macedonia, both raised by Sam. 
Miller from Concord seed, were similar, but not 
superior to Martha, and therefore abandoned 
by him. 

Golden Concord, by John Valle, of New 
Haven, Mo., is also so nearly identical with 
Martha that we do not think it deserves propa- 
gation as a distinct variety. 

F. Muench, F. J. Langendorfer, J. Balsiger 
and many others have raised white Concord 
seedlings; some of these may prove far superior 
to Martha, (one especially, Balsiger's No. 32, 
has hardly any foxiness about it ; its must weigh- 
ing 84°, was ripe on the 15th of August in our 
latitude, and hanging firmly to the vine in good 
condition till October.) If on longer trial any 
of them prove so superior, then, and only then, 
will they be named and disseminated. 

The Lady (see description,) is claimed to be 
an improvement on the Martha, and is recom- 
mended as such by good authority. 

Greater improvements, however, have been 
achieved by hybridizing the Concord with Euro- 
pean varieties ; but while grapes of superior 
quality were thus produced, their hardiness, 
health and productiveness is generally doubted. 
(See " Hybrids," in Manual.) 

Concord ChaSselas. A Concord Hybrid 
from Concord seed; by Geo. W. Campbell, of 
Delaware, O., who describes it as follows: 

"Blench rather long, usually shouldered, 
handsomely compact, without being crowded ; 
berries large, round; skin very thin but tena- 
cious, and semi-transparent ; seeds few and very 
small ; color, when fully ripe, a rich amber with 
thin white bloom, almost identical in appear- 
ance with the foreign Golden Chasselas; flesh 
perfectly tender and melting, just enough vinous 
acid to prevent cloying the most delicate palate. 
Wholly free from any vestige of foxiness, and a 
grape that will satisfy the most fastidious taste, 
formed upon the foreign standard ; ripens same 
time as the Concord. The vine is very vigorous 
ingrowth; large foliage, thick and abundant, 
resisting mildew in fully exposed locations 
here, as well as the Concord; and will prob- 
bably succeed in all regions where the Amer- 
ican grape can be successfully and profitably 
grown. 



Cottage. (Labr.) A seedling of the Concord 
l-aised by E. W. Bull, the originator of that va- 
riety. A strong, vigorous grower, with re- 
markably large and leathery leaves, and abund- 
ant, strong, branching roots; bunch and ber- 
ries about the size of Concord, but of a some- 
what darker shade; ripens before Concord; 
quality better than the parent, with less of the 
foxiness peculiar to the other. Promises well 
as a resistant to Phylloxera. 

Mr. Bull in his successful efforts to improve our na- 
tive grapes, began by sowing the seeds of a wild grape 
(V. Labrusca), from which he raised seedlings. He 
then sowed the seed raised from these, and obtained 
others, among which the Coucord. He then raised 2000 
seedlings before he got an)' that surpassed the Concord. 
In the fourth generation, or grandchildren of the Con- 
cord, he obtained seedlings far superior to the Concord 
and nearly equal to the European grape (V. Vinifera). 
There seems to be no reasonable doubt that, as Mr. 
Bull thinks, the wild grape can, in a few generations, 
be made equal in quality to the European vine. — U. S. 
Agr. Report for 1867. 

Cowan, or McCowan. {Cord.) Bunch and berry 
medium; black, rather harsh and austere. Not desira- 
ble. — Downing. 

Crcreling. Syn. Catawissa, Bloom, Co- 
lumbia County. (Labr.) Pennsylvania. — 
Bunches long, loose on young vines, but on old 
ones sometimes as compact as Concords ; berries 
medium to large, slightly oval, black, with blue 
bloom ; flesh tender, juicy and sweet; quality 
best; ripens early, a few days later than Hart- 
ford, and before Concord. Vine a fair grower, 
healthy and hardy ; may be planted 6 by 6 feet 
apart, on northern and northeastern hillsides. 
Boots thick and warty, and comparatively few; 
texture soft, with a thick liber, forming young 
fibers rather slowly ; canes long and rambling, 
slender, long jointed, and with few laterals; 
wood soft, of a reddish color, with a large pith. 

In all these characteristics there is not a trace 
of the ^Estivalis, for which class some would 
claim the Creveling. 

This grape was for a time rapidly growing in 
favor, but has not deserved it, as it is often very 
unproductive, setting its fruit imperfectly. In 
favorable seasons and on good, well worked, 
tolerably rich soil, it gives a remunerative, 
early and delicious table fruit. No garden or 
amateur collection should be without it. 

Mr. Husmann says it makes an exquisite 
claret wine, intermediate between the Concord 
and Nortons in body, and superior in flavor to 
either. Must, 88°. 



44 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Concord Muscat. Also grown from 
Concord seed, by Geo. W. Campbell, of 
Delaware, O., who gives the following de- 
scription of it:/' Bunch long, moderately 
compact, sometimes shouldered; berries 
very large, oval ; skin thin, rather opaque ; 
seeds few and small ; color light, greenish 
white with delicate bloom; flesh entirely 
tender and melting, with no pulp or as- 
tringency next the seeds; flavor rich, 
sugary, slightly sub-acid, with the pecu- 
liar high flavor which is the distinguishing 
charm and excellence of the foreign Mus- 
cats and Frontiguans. There are really 
few grapes among the most admired for- 
eign kinds which equal this variety in 
pure flavor and high quality. Vine very 
vigorous; foliage large and moderately 
thick; resists mildew, except in very un- 
favorable seasons. In this respect it is 
better than Eumelan, Delaware, Clinton, 
or Roger's Hybrids ; but not equal to Con- 
cord." 

Cornucopia. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 
2.) A seedling of Clinton crossed with 
Black St. Peters. Vine much resembling 
the Clinton in appearance, but superior 
in size of berry and bunch, and greatly 
superior in flavor; a healthy grape and a 
great bearer. The Paris Horticultural 
Society reported on it as follows: " This 
is undoubtedly one of the best grapes in 
the whole collection of Mr. Arnold's Hy- 
brid grapes; a very promising grape." 
Bunch large, shouldered, very compact; 
berry above medium size, black, with a 
beautiful bloom, flavor excellent, very 
sprightly, and pleasant ; skin thin ; seeds 
large, bearing nearly the same proportion 
to size of berry as in Clinton. Flesh melt- 
ing, with very little pulp if any: seems to 
burst in the mouth ; all juice, with a little 
acid and astringency; ripens with Con- 
cord. A good market grape, and " a good 
keeper." Also valuable for wine, but with us 
not as good as Canada. 

Conqueror. A seedling raised by Rev. 
Asher Moore, N. J. A cross between Concord 
and Royal Muscadine. Early; bunches long, 
loose, shouldered; berries medium, glossy black, 
with a bloom ; flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet. 
Vine a free grower, hardy, healthy and prolific. 

Cuyahoga. Syn. Wemple. (Labr.) A chance 

seedling found and grown by Wemple, Collamer, 

Cuyahoga Co., O. Vine a strong grower, requires a 




CORNUCOPIA. 

wann, sandy soil and exposure to make it desirable at 
the North, but when well grown it is of fine quality. 
South it casts its foliage and is not valuable. Bunch 
medium, compact; Jerry medium, dull, greenish amber 
when fully ripe; flesh tender, juicy, rich vinous, sweet. 
Ripens with the Catawba, or a little later. 

Croton. Hybrid cross between Delaware 
and Chasselas de Fontainbleau, originated by 
S. W. Underhill, of Croton Point, N. Y., bore 
its first fruit in 1865. In 1868 and following 
years, it obtained prizes at the N. Y., Penn- 
sylvania and Massachusetts Horticultural Soci- 
eties, and other grape exhibitions, attracting 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



45 




THE CROTON GRAPE. 



marked attention. F. R. Elliot, formerly of 
Cleveland, O., says : " The Croton is among the 
white or green sorts, what the Delaware is 
among the reds." 

Bunch often 8 to 9 inches long, moderately 
compact and shouldered; the shoulder often 
nearly as large as the bunch, and the clusters 
frequently winged; berries of medium size, of 
light, yellowish green color, translucent, and 
remarkably delicate in appearance ; flesh melt- 
ing and sweet throughout; quality best with 
much of the flavor and character of the Chasse- 
las; ripens early. Some very prominent pomo- 
ologists say it is one of the best hardy grapes 
they have tasted and report the vine as hardy, 
vigorous and productive. Our own experience 



is, so far, not as favorable ; with us it seems 
rather tender, a weak grower, with a tendency 
to mildew and rot. 

We cannot recommend it for general cultiva- 
tion, but only as a novel and valuable amateur 
fruit. 

Cunningham. Syn. Long. (JEst.) A 
southern grape, belonging to the same class as 
the Herbemont; it originated in the garden of 
Mr. Jacob Cunningham, Prince Edward county, 
Va. Dr. D. N. Norton, a prominent agricultur- 
alist, the same who first cultivated and intro- 
duced to notice our invaluable Norton's Virginia 
grape, made wine from the Cunningham in 
1855, and furnished to the Elder Prince, of 



46 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 




THE CUNNINGHAM GRAPE. 



Flushing, Long Island, the stock which was the 
base from which this grape has been dissemi- 
nated, directly or indirectly. Dr. Norton pro- 
nounced the wine very similar to Murdock & 
Co's celebrated brand of Madeira. The Cunn- 
ingham is very valuable for southern slopes, 
with poor, light limestone soils in this latitude 
and further south. Bunch very compact and 
heavy, medium, often, not always, shouldered; 
berries small, brownish black, juicy and vinous ; 



vine a stiong grower, healthy and productive; 
to be so it needs, however, spur pruning on 
laterals and slight winter protection. Boots of 
medium thickness, inclined to be wiry, straight, 
tough, with a smooth, hard liber, on which the 
Phylloxera has but little influence, even though 
they may be numerous on the young spongioles ; 
one of the best resistants to the insect. Canes 
not numerous, but very stout and vigorous, of- 
ten attaining a length of 30 or 40 feet in oni 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



47 




TUDLEY i CO. 



THE CYNTHIANA GRAPE.. 



season; laterals an average complement, and 
well developed; wood hard with a medium 
sized pith, and a hard, thick outer bark, adher- 
ing closely even on the ripe wood, a characteris- 
tic common to all the ^Estivalis class. Ripens 
its fruit late, and makes one of the most aro- 
matic and delightful wiues, of dark yellow 
color. Must 95° to 112*. 

Cyutliiana. Syn. Red River. (^Est.) 
Received by Husmann in 1858, from William R. 



Prince, Flushing, Long Island, New York. Or- 
igin, Arkansas, where it was, probably, found 
growing wild. It is a true ^Estivalis in all 
its habits, and resembles Norton's Virginia so 
closely that it is impossible to distinguish the 
wood or leaf, although the bunch is generally 
somewhat more shouldered, and the berry more 
juicy and somewhat sweeter. Bunch of medium 
size, moderately compact, shouldered ; berry 
below medium, round, black, with blue bloom, 



48 



BUSHBBEG CATALOGUE. 



sweet, spicy, moderately juicy. Juice very dark 
red, weighs very heavy on the must scale, even 
higher than Norton's Virginia, and makes, so 
far, our best red wine. It has as much body as 
Norton's Virginia, is of exquisite flavor, much 
more delicate than Norton's, and can safely en- 
ter the lists with the choicest Burgundy wines. 
The Norton's, however, seem to possess medi- 
cinal ingredients (tannin) in a higher degree. 
Vine vigorous and healthy, productive, as sure 
in its crops of well ripened fruit here, as any 
variety we know ; but very difficult to propa- 
gate, as its wood is very hard with a small pith 
and closely adhering outer bark. Since it bore 
its first crop, in 1859, we have never seen a rot- 
ten berry on it. The fruit ripens some few days 
earlier than Norton's and Catawba. Specific 
gravity of must, from 98° to 118°. according to 
the season. While we can confidently recom- 
mend the true Cynthiana as the best grape for 
red wine which we have tried, we must at the 
same time caution the public against spurious 
vines, which have been sent out under that 
name. 

"We copy the above description partly from 
Mr. Husmann, of whom we also obtained our 
original stock of this variety. We have now 
about 2000 vines of same in bearing. Our Cyn- 
thiana wine was awarded the First Medal of 
Merit at the World-Exposition, Vienna, 1873, 
and is gaining the " blue ribbon " at every test. 
The commission at the Congres de Montpellier, 
France, 1874, reported: "Cynthiana of Mr. 
Bush, a red wine of fine color, rich in body and 
alcohol, reminding us of old Roussillon wine." 
It says the same of Cynthiana exhibited by 
Poeschel & Scherer. Mr. Nuesch, of Dr. Law- 
rence's Ouachita vineyard, near Hot Spring, 
Ark., who got his plants from us, says: "We 
find the Cynthiana hardier than the Norton and 
a few days earlier in ripening." The juice of 
the Cynthiana surpasses that of the Norton's in 
saccharine by about 10 Q on Oechsle's scale, 
averaging about 112°. Mr. Muench writes us: 
" Too much cannot be said in praise of the Cyn- 
thiana; its wine, two or three years old, cannot 
be excelled by the best red wines of the old 
world." We look upon it as our best and 
most valuable grape for red wine, and have 
bestowed the best care and special attention on 
its propagation, so that we can now offer relia- 
ble, number one plants, with strong, insect 
proof, healthy roots, of this variety, to our 
customers, at a comparatively very moderate 
price. 



Dana. A seedling grown by Francis Dana, of Rox- 
bury, Mass., and described in the "Massachusetts Hor- 
ticultural Transactions." Bunch medium, shouldered, 
compact, with a peculiar red stem; berries rather large, 
nearly round, red, with a rich, heavy bloom, so that 
when fully ripe they appear almost black; flesh as free 
from pulp as Delaware; not so sweet, but more spirited 
and vinous, yet not acid. Ripe last of September. 

Detroit. {Labr f) This variety is supposed to be 
a seedling of Catawba. It was found in a garden in 
Detroit, Mich. Not having seen the fruit we copy from 
description in the Horticulturalist. Vine very vigorous 
and hardy. Foliage resembling Catawba; wood short 
jointed; bunches large, compact; berries very dark, rich 
brown claret, with a light bloom, round and regular. 
Flesh with very little pulp, rich and sugary. Ripens 
earlier than the Catawba. 

Devereux. (JEJst.) Syn. Black July, 
Lincoln, Blue Grape, Sherry, Thurmond, 
Hart, Tuley, McLean, Husson, (Lenoir, in- 
correctly). A southern grape; belongs to the 
same class as Herbemont and Cunningham; 
where this grape will succeed it is one of our 
very best wine grapes, producing a white wine 
of exquisite flavor. It is somewhat subject to 
mildew, very tender, and requires covering in 
the winter. North of Missouri it should not be 
tried, but here it succeeds admirably on south- 
ern slopes, in very favorable seasons, and our 
southern grape growers, especially, should plant 
some of it. Bunch very long, loose, shouldered; 
berry black, below medium, round; flesh juicy, 
without pulp, and vinous; quality best; vine a 
strong grower and very productive, when free 
from mildew. 

Diana Hamburg. A new variety, said to be a 
cross between the Diana and Black Hamburg, origi- 
nated by Mr. Jacob Moore, of Rochester, N. Y.; bunches 
generally large, sufficiently compact, well shouldered; 
berries above medium, slightly oval, of a rich fiery red 
color when fully ripe; flesh tender, of very sweet 
flavor, equal to some of the finer foreign sorts. Vine a 
weak grower, with short jointed, firm wood, very ten- 
der; leaves of medium size, crimped, and sometimes 
rolled in; subject to mildew. Its fruit ripens after the 
Concord, but before its parent the Diana. We may as 
well state that at least three independent parties are 
reputed to have made this hybrid, and there may exist 
several crosses of the foreign Black Hamburg on the 
Diana. Ours is from J. Charlton, Rochester, N. Y., 
but it proved worthless. We might as well attempt to 
grow the Black Hamburg in open air. Its propagation 
should be given up, at least we have done so. 

Don Juan, one of Mr. Ricketts' seedlings, much 
like its parent Zona. Mr. F. R. Elliott says: "It is 
better than any known hardy grape of its color; is 
about the size in berry of Rogers' 15, a deeper color 
and a larger and better bunch; the flesh is vinous, 
sweet and sparkling. " (See our Remarks on Rickett's 
Seedlings.) 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



49 



Delaware. Origin unknown. It 
was found many years since in the gar- 
den of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, 
Hunterdon Co., N. J., who had immi- 
grated from Switzerland, and brought 
with him many varieties of foreign 
gi'apes, which he cultivated in his gar- 
den. It was first known as the " Italian 
Wine Grape," then it was supposed to 
be the "Red Traminer," or a seedling 
from this variety. We have strong rea- 
sons to believe it a Hybrid betweeu the 
V. Labrusca and Vitis Vinifera. 

This variety, first brought to notice by 
A. Thompson, Delaware, Ohio, is con- 
sidered to be one of the best, if not the 
best of all American grapes. Unfortu- 
nately it does not, from various causes, 
succeed well in all localities; it should 
be planted here in deep, rich soil, open 
and well drained, on northeast and east- 
ern slopes, and requires good cultivation 
and pruning to short laterals. Its Roots 
are slender, and not inclined to branch 
out much; of medium toughness, with a 
rather soft liber. Canes proportionate, 
in length and thickness, with an average 
number of laterals. AVood hard, with a 
small pith. It is a slow grower. 1450 
vines may well be planted to the acre, 
five to six feet being a sufficient dis- 
tance. Some experiments have lately 
been made in grafting and inarching the 
Delaware on the Concord and Clinton 
stocks, which proved successful. (See 
"Grafting," in Manual.) The Delaware 
is exceedingly hardy, enduring the se- 
verest winters uninjured, if the vines 
arc healthy. In some localities, a8 in 
South-west Missouri and Arkansas, it 
yields a sure and abundant crop, and is 
entirely without a rival for the pro- 
duction of a fine white wine; in other locali- 
ties, however, it has been found subject to mil- 
dew, or leaf blight, and this tendency is great- 
ly aggravated by allowing the vines to over- 
bear, which the Delaware is sure to do, if per- 
mitted. It is very sensitive to Phylloxera. 

Bunch small to medium, compact; the clusters 
usually shouldered; berries below medium, 
round; skin thin, but tenacious; pulp sweet 
and tender; juice abundant, rich, vinous and 
sugary, sprightly and refreshing; color a beau- 
tiful light red or purplish maroon, covered with 
a thin whitish bloom, and very translucent. It 
is without harshness or acidity in its pulp, ex- 




DELAWARE. 

ceedingly sweet, but sprightly, vinous and 
aromatic. Ripens early, about eight days later 
than Hartford Prolific. Quality best, for the 
table as well as for wine. Must 100°— 118°. 
Acid 5 to 6 per mill. 

" The must of this grape is generally so rich, 
and the proportion so evenly balanced, that it 
will make a first class wine, of great body and 
fine flavor, without manipulation or addition." 
— Husmann, U. 8. Report of Agriculture, 1867. 

Seedlings from Delaware and its crosses with 
other varieties are but little known, though in- 
numerable attempts have been made to raise 
them. The expectation to produce therefrom a 



50 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



orape of superior value, larger only in size of 
bunch and berries, yet of the quality of the Del- 
aware, was, and probably ever will be, doomed 
to disappointment. All its seedlings show more 
or less of the " Fox grape ;" this fact, and 
other characteristics (see Manual — Table of 
Grape Seeds, &c.) convince us of its origin, in 
part, from this species; although many eminent 
Horticulturists and Botanists class the Dela- 
ware with JEstivalis, (others with Riparia). 
It is true that the Delaware leaf seems more 
closely allied to JEst. ; its wood is harder, more 
difficult to propagate, and the tendrils are not 




DIANA. 



continuous, (nor are they regularly intermit- 
tent) ; but we find a remarkable parallel case 
in " ShepparcPs Delaware," raised from seed of 
Catawba by J. N. Sheppard, in 1853, from whom 
Charles Downing received it, with its history, 
and say 8: " The vine and fruit are similar in 
all respects to Delaware." The " White Dela- 
ware," a new variety, raised by G. W. Camp- 
bell from seed of Delaware, has large, thick 
foliage, " resembling Catawba more than Dela- 
xoare." Another white Delaware seedling, 
raised by II. Jaeger, of Neosho, shows the same 
characteristics, and the fruit has a musky flavor. 



Diana. (Labr.) A seedling of 
Catawba, raised by Mrs. Diana 
Crehore, Milton, Massachusetts. 
Mr. Fuller justly remarks: 

" There is probably no one va- 
riety of grape in cultivation in 
regard to which there is a greater 
diversity of opinion, and its vari- 
ableness fully warrants all that 
is said about it. In one section 
it is really excellent, while in an- 
other, perhaps near by it, it is 
entirely worthless. This differ- 
ence is often observable in the 
same garden, and from no ap- 
parent cause." 

The Diana seems to do best in 
warm, rather dry and poor soil; 
gravelly clay or sandy loam 
seems best suited to its wants. 
Bunches medium, very compact, 
occasionally shouldered ; berries 
medium size, round, pale red, 
covered with a thin lilac bloom ; 
flesh tender, with some pulp, 
sweet, juicy, with a musk flavor 
that is very strong until the fruit 
is fully ripe, and then often offen- 
sive to some tastes. Colors its 
fruit early, but does not really 
mature much earlier than the Ca- 
tawba. Vine a vigorous grower, 
requiring much room and long 
pruning, and increases in pro- 
ductiveness and good quality, as 
the vines get age ; roots few, but 
long and thick, soft in texture, 
and with a thick liber; canes 
heavy and long, with few laterals 
and a very large pith. It is not 
as productive, nor quite as large 
in bunch and berry as its parent, 



DESCRIPTION OF TAEIETIES. 



61 



bat some think it superior in quality, and it has 
usually suffered less from rot. Its berries hold 
■well, and its thick skin enables it to withstand 
changes of temperature better ; hence the Diana 
improves by being left upon the vine until after 
pretty severe frost. As a variety for packing 
and keeping, it has no superior. Eastern grape 
growers claim it to be valuable also for wine. 
Must 88 w to 90° ; acid 12. 

Downing-, or Charles Downing. A Hybrid ob- 
tained by Jas. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y., from 
the Croton fertilized by HJack Hamburgh. "Bunches 
large, sometimes shouldered ; berries large, slightly 
oval, nearly black with light bloom, flesh tender, 
breaking somewhat like the foreign sorts ; in flavor it 
is first nije, being sweet, with just enough sprightli- 
ness to prevent cloying the palate. ' ' — Fuller. 

The vine is said to be a vigorous grower, with healthy 
foliage. Its parents forebode the reverse. 

Dracut Amber. (Labr.) Originated by 
J. W. Manning, Dracut, Mass. Vine very vig- 
orous. Regarded by us as but a slightly im- 
proved wild fox grape; very early and produc- 
tive; bunch large and long, compact, often 
shouldered ; berries large, round ; skin thick, of 
pale red color, pulpy and foxy; too foxy for our 
taste, and should be discarded, when so many 
better varieties can be grown. Yet, even new 
varieties, quite similar, and but very little, if 
any better, are continually introduced. (See 
Wyoming Red.) 

Early Hudson, (?) an early, round, black grape, 
of little value, except as a curiosity, inasmuch as some 
of the berries contain no seed. — Downing, 

Elsinburgh. Syn. Elsinboro, Smart's El- 
sinborough. (JEst.~) Supposed to have orig- 
inated in Elsin burgh, Salem county, N. J. An 
excellent amateur grape, of fine quality ; ripens 
early. Bunches medium to large, rather loose, 
shouldered; berries small, round, skin thick, 
black, covered with a thin blue bloom ; flesh 
without pulp, sweet, vinous. Leaves deeply 
five-lobed, dark green, smooth; wood long 
jointed and slender. Subject to mildew. 

Elizabeth, {Labr.) originated on the farm of Joseph 
Hart, near Rochester, N, Y., and described in the 
Rural New Yorker. Bunches large, compact; berries 
large, roundish oval, greenish white, with a purple 
tinge in the sun. Flesh rather pulpy, acid. 

Elvira, a seedling from Taylor, raised by 
Jacob Rommel of Missouri, considered the 
most promising new white wine grape we now 
have. The chromo lithograph accompanying 
the title page was made from a photograph of a 
medium cluster, from the original vine, for this 
Catalogue. Bunch medium, shouldered, very 
compact; berry medium, considerably larger 



than Taylor, its parent, round, pale green with 
white bloom, sometimes tinged with red streaks 
when fully ripe; skin very thin, transparent; 
it sets so very closely and the skin is so thin as 
to cause some of the berries to crack ; pulp 
sweet, very tender and juicy, fine flavor. Ri- 
pens about ten days later than Concord. Vine 
a most vigorous, stocky grower, eminently pro- 
ductive, exceedingly healthy and hardy, having 
stood the hard winter of 1872-3 without protec- 
tion. Roots like those of Clinton and Taylor, 
promising to possess the same indemnity from 
Phylloxera. Canes stout and long with well 
developed laterals. "Wood harder than the Tay- 
lor, with a medium pith. Foliage large and 
strong, firmer in texture than the leaves of its 
parent, the Taylor; somewhat rusty and woolly 
on the lower side, leading us to consider this 
variety as the offspring of an accidental inter- 
mingling of two species, the Riparia aud La- 
brusca. 

Mr. Herman Jaeger, a careful observer and 
very intelligent grape grower of Southwest 
Missouri, justly says (after a visit to Mr. Rom- 
mel's vineyard) : " The Elvira has all the good 
qualities of its parent, the Taylor, and is en- 
tirely free from the drawback of that variety — 
small scattering bunches and poor bearing qual- 
ities. The original Elvira vine bears again 
(1874) an immense crop; four and five bunches 
from one bud is the general rule ; they are very 
compact, and bunch and berry are about twice as 
large as the finest Taylor I ever saw. The foliage 
of the Elvira plainly shows its origin, though it is 
much larger and more beautiful than that of the 
Taylor. On the lower side of the leaf a slight 
approach to the fox grape is perceptible." 

The Elvira will make an excellent white 
wine, resembling hock ; this is not merely the 
expectation of Mr. Rommel, but of others, in- 
cluding ourselves. Mr. Jaeger, who has no 
pecuniary interest in this grape, wrote to S. 
Miller (Colm. Rural World) : "In your locality 
and further north the Elvira, for the production 
of a fine hock wine, is entirely without a rival." 
Being easily propagated from cuttings, the 
Elvira will soon be extensively tested, and, we 
believe it will become one of the leading, nay 
the leading white wine grape of the Middle 
States. 

Essex, (Roger's Hybrid No. 41.) Bunch of 
medium size, compact, shouldered; berry very 
large, black,, somewhat flattened, in this respect 
resembling the native parent; flesh tender and 
sweet, with a high aromatic flavor; ripens 
early ; vine vigorous, healthy, and prolific. 



52 



BUSHBBRG CATALOGUE. 




EUMELAN. 

Eumelan. ("Good black" grape.) (uEst.y 
This variety was found as a chance seedling at 
Fishkill, N. Y., where it has been in cultivation 
(in the garden of Messrs. Thome) for many 
years, yielding abundant crops of grapes, re- 
markable both for goodness and earliness. The 
original vines were purchased by Dr. C. W. 
Grant, in 1866, (now Hasbrouck & Bushuell, 
Iona Island,) from whom we obtained the 
plants of this valuable variety, probably the 
best early grape we have got. We give the 
description from the circular of its propagator, 
Dr. Grant, leaving out, however, all excessive 
praise, which, in our opinion, has damaged his 
success more than aH his opponents. Bunches 
of good size, elegant form, and proper degree 



*By a mere typographical error in our first edition 
(1869), the Eumelan was designated as Labr., and to our 
regret this error was ever since copied and repeated by 
many others who ought to know better; but while this 
may be a pardonable ovei sight in those who merely 
copied our descriptions, it is evidently more than an 
oversight in those who undertake to arrange and de- 
scribe our native vines by species and still place Eumelan 
among Labrusca. 



of compactness ; berries large medium 
size, round, black, with fine bloom, ad- 
hering firmly to the bunch long after 
ripening ; flesh tender, melting, all going 
to wine-like juice under slight pressure 
of the tongue ; ripening very early (even 
before the Hartford Prolific) and evenly 
to the center. Flavor pure and refined, 
very sugary, rich and vinous, with a 
large degree of that refreshing quality 
that belongs distinctively to the best 
foreign wine grapes. Hoots abundant, 
thick, spreading, and of medium tough- 
ness; liber thick but firm. Vine a strong 
grower, producing remarkably short- 
jointed wood, with numerous and strong 
laterals; buds large and prominent; 
wood hard with a small pith; leaves 
large, thick, dark colored, firm in tex- 
ture (it strikingly resembles Elsinburg) 
and though subject to mildew in some 
localities and unfavorable seasons, we 
can recommend it as a very fine, hardy, 
healthy, early grape. The American 
Horticultural Annual for 1869, says of 
the Eumelan : This variety has been 
tested in several localities. It has proved 
with us, near New York, remarkably 
healthy in foliage, and has taken sev- 
eral premiums as the best black grape 
at various exhibitions. Then again re- 
ports came from many localities, that it 
has failed to meet public expectations. 
In our own vineyards at Bushberg, it 
has proved all that was claimed for it, being 
healthy, hardy, early, productive, and of very 
fine quality.. 

Perhaps with no other variety is it so import- 
ant to set out only good and strong plants in 
the first placej as with this one; and we think 
that the great diversity of opinion now exist- 
ing in regard to this grape is due to the fact 
that a large number of the vines of this variety 
sent out have been poor and feeble plants, 
which have never come to any good thereafter, 
and never will. 

The Eumelan makes a superior red wine (ac- 
cording to Mottier, North-East, Pennsylvania, 
must 93°, and at the test held at Hammonds- 
port as high as 104° with only 4 per mill, acid), 
and should it prove more generally successful, 
it will rank high among wine grapes. 

We give a figure of a bunch and leaf, re- 
duced in size, and a single berry of full natural 
size. 



DESCRIPTION OF VAE1ETIES. 



53 




GOETHE. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 1.) 



54 



BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE. 



Eureka, (Labrusha) a seedling of Isabella, orig- 
inated by S. Folsom, of Attica, Wyoming Co., N. Y., 
similar to its parent in appearance, but claimed to be 
earlier, hardier, and healthier, to be of better flavor 
and to keep better than Isabella. Mr. Folsom has since 
raised eight seedlings of the Eureka, not crosses unless 
accidentally so, which are said to be remarkable for 
earliness, fewness of seeds and other good qualities. 

Flora. (Labr.l) Origin Philadelphia, Pa. Bunch 
small, compact; Jerry small, roundish, oval, purplish- 
red. Flesh somewhat pulpy, acid at centre, juicy, 
vinous. Ripens about with Isabella. Vine hardy and 
productive. — Downing. 

Flowers. Syn : Black Muscadine. (V. Vulpi- 
na or Rotundiiolia.) A variety of the Scuppernong 
type. Berries large ; growing in clusters of 10 to 20, 
black, sweet. Ripens very late ; hangs upon the vine 
until frost. Said to make a rich, red and delicious 
wine. Never fails to produce a crop , and perfectly free 
from any kind of disease. It is much esteemed (in 
Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina) on account of its 
lateness, as it does not come in until the Scuppernong 
is gone. Mr. Berckmans, of Georgia, says it is not quite 
as good as the Scuppernong (!) and about same size. 

Flower of Missouri. A new Delaware seedling, 
grown by Mr. M. Poeschel, Hermann, Mo. Not dis- 
seminated, and probably never will be. It possesses 
both the excellence and the defects of "Walter." 

Framingham. Perhaps not identical with, but 
only a reproduction of the Hartford Prolific; at least so 
closely resembling it that it should not have been in- 
troduced as a new variety. 

Franklin. (Cord.) Vine has much the habit and 
growth of Clinton; not as good a bearer. Bunch small, 
not very compact; berry small, black, juicy, quite acid, 
austere ; unworthy.— Downing. 

Gaertner. (Rogers' No. 14.) Not yet fruit- 
ed here, and but little known. The Hon. Mar- 
shal P. Wilder, describes it as follows : Bunch 
good size ; berry medium to large ; color light 
brown or red; skin thin; flavor pleasant and 
aromatic; season rather early; vine healthy and 
productive. — Grape Culturist. 

Goethe. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 1.) This 
very valuable variety is, perhaps, more unique 
and shows in its fruit more of the character of 
the European species than any of Mr. Rogers' 
other sorts, and yet its vine is one of the hardi- 
est, healththiest, and most productive we have. 
Late in ripening for northern localities, it does 
not always mature there ; but here with us it 
produces and perfectly ripens a large crop of 
beautiful clusters and berries, free from rot or 
imperfection of any kind, provided it has a good 
rich soil, and has not been permitted to over- 
bear, which would ruin its health aud produc- 
tiveness for years to come, if not for ever. A 
sandy soil seems also favorable to its continued 



health, as the roots of the Goethe, though thick 
— generally of a scraggy and wart)'' exterior — 
are feeble, and in clay soil they soon become 
a prey of the Phylloxera. The viue is a most 
vigorous grower, making stout and long canes, 
with well-developed laterals. Wood rather soft, 
with a moderate pith. At the Fall meeting of 
the Mississippi Valley Grape Growers' Associa- 
tion, September 9, 1868, we exhibited for the 
first time a few branches of the vine, each with 
several perfect clusters, which were much ad- 
mired, and would have probably astonished even 
its originator, could he have seen them. The 
smallest of them, being a good average size, we 
had photographed, and an exact copy of it ex- 
pressly engraved for this catalogue. The bunch- 
es are medium to large, not quite compact, oc- 
casionally shouldered; berries very large, ob- 
long, of a yellowish-green, sometimes blotched, 
with a pale red toward the sun; skin thin, 
translucent; flesh tender and melting through- 
out, few seeds, sweet, vinous and juicy, with a 
peculiar delicious aroma ; excellent for the table 
and for wine. Specific gravity of must 78 p ; 
altogether a most desirable grape for our lati- 
tude. 

Golden Clinton. 8yn : King. (Cord.) A seed- 
ling from the Clinton closely resembling it, with this 
difference, that its berries are greenish-w/«Ye, and that 
it is by far less productive. We doubted, for some 
time, that the plants we had under that name were 
true, and therefore did not send it out. We then ob- 
tained the true Golden Clinton from two reliable 
sources and fruited it, only to know that Mr. Campbell 
is perfectly correct in saying: " It does not sustain the 
character given by those who first introduced it. 
Bunches small, scanty and irregular; berries small and of 
inferior quality. Not desirable." 

Graham. An accidental seedling, introduced by 
Wm. Graham, of Philadelphia ; bunch of medium size, 
not compact; berry half an inch in diameter, round, 
purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, contains 
little or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agreeable 
flavor. A poor grower aud bearer. — Downing. 

Hartford Prolific. (Labr.) The stand- 
ard for earliness among grapes. Raised by Mr. 
Steel, of Hartford, Conn., twenty-five years ago. 
It is now well known, and generally planted as 
a very prolific early marke tvariety ; ripens here 
early in August, about teu days in advance of 
the Concord ; but as soon as ripe it generally 
drops its fruit, and is still of poor quality. The 
vine is very healthy and hardy, atud produces 
immense crops. Bunches large, shouldered, 
rather compact; berries round, full medium, 
black; flesh pulpy, juicy, with a perceptible 
foxy flavor ; roots very abundant, branching and 
fibrous, of average thickness and toughness, and 



DESCRIPTION OP VAK1ETIES. 



55 




THE HERBEMONT GRAPE. 



tolerably firm liber. Its good resisting power 
against Phylloxera is due, probably, more to its 
exceedingly strong root growth, than to the tex- 
ture of the root itself. Canes stout, with strong 
crooks at the joints, laterals well developed, and 
considerable down on the young growth. Wood 
hard, with a small pith. Tolerably fair wine 
has been made from it, but we could not recom- 
mend it for that purpose. Ouly as a market 



grape it is considered valuable by many, on ac- 
count of its earliness and great productiveness; 
but even as such it is inferior to several others. 
(Framingham and Seneca are almost identical 
with the Hartford.) 

Herbemont. Syn : Warren, Herbemont's 
Madeira, Warrenton, Neil Grape. (^Est.) 
Origin unknown ; it was propagated as early k as 



56 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



1798, from an old vine growing on the planta- 
tion of Judge Huger, Columbia, S. C. Mr. 
Nicholas Herbemont, an enterprising and en- 
thusiastic cultivator of the grape, found it 
there, and from its vigorous growth and per- 
fect acclimation at first correctly supposed it 
was a native ; he was afterwards informed, in 
1834, that it had been received from France, and 
he believed it. But the same grape was also 
found growing wild in Warren County, Ga., 
and is there known as the Warren grape. The 
best authorities now class it as a member of the 
JEstivalis family of the south — a native grape, 
truly called by Downing, "Bags of Wine." 
One of the very best and most reliable grapes 
for both table and wine, especially adapted for 
our hillsides on limestone soil. It should not be 
planted further north, and even here should be 
covered in winter. For those who have gone 
to this slight trouble it has nearly always pro- 
duced a splendid crop, and has been so enor- 
mously productive that it richly repaid the little 
additional labor. To some of our Southern 
States this grape will be a mine of wealth. 
Bunches very large, long, shouldered and com- 
pact; berries small, black, with a beautiful blue 
bloom; skin thin, flesh sweet, without pulp, 
juicy and high-flavored; ripens late, a few 
days after Catawba. Roots of medium thick- 
ness, with a smooth, hard liber, resisting to the 
Phylloxera in France as well as here. Canes 
stout, heavy and long; laterals well-developed. 
Wood hai"d, with a medium-sized pith, and thick 
firm outer bark. Vine a very vigorous grower, 
with the most beautiful foliage ; not subject to 
mildew, and but very little to rot; in rich soil 
it is somewhat tender, makes too much wood, 
and seems less productive, while in warm and 
rather poor limestone soil, with southern expo- 
sure, it is perfectly healthy, and enormously 
productive, except in very unfavorable seasons, 
when all half-tender varieties will fail. Mr. 
Werth, of Richmond, Va., says: I have found 
the most uniformly abundant, healthy, and 
thoroughly ripened crop, for successive seasons, 
on low, imperfectly drained, and rather com- 
pact soil. The accompanying illustration gives 
an idea of the beauty and richness of the bunch. 
Specific gravity of must about 90°. The pure 
juice pressed, without mashing the grapes, 
makes a white wine, resemblihg delicate Rhen- 
ish wines; if fermented on the husks about 
forty-eight hours, it will make a very fine pale 
red wine. The French wine judges at Mout- 
pelier, pronounced it " assez agreable, rappel- 
lant le gout des vins de l'est de la France." 






It seems that but very few seedlings of the 
Herbemont have been raised; at least we know 
of none that were disseminated. One Herbe- 
mont seedling is mentioned by Dr. Warder, in 
his description of the " Longworth School of 
Vines." The Pauline (see description) may, 
perhaps, be a seedling of Herbemont; the Mus- 
cogee also ; but little is known of these varieties. 
If we intended to raise new seedlings (which 
we do not) we would select the Herbemont in 
preference to almost any other variety. 

Hattie, or Hettie. There are three grapes under 
this name, or under conflicting descriptions. One 
originated with Mrs. N. R. Haskel. Monroe, Mich; de- 
scribed as a bright, clear red, translucent grape. The 
other, introduced by E. 1*. Teas, of Richmond, Ind. , 
as a large, oval, black, grape, "earlier, larger and 
better than Concord and Isabella." And another of un- 
known origin. Bunch small; berry black ; flesh some- 
what pulpy; a poor grower and bearer, but ripens 
early. All three are unknown here. 

Herbert. (Rogers' No. 44.) Labrusca, im- 
pregnated by Black Hamburg. Bunch large, 
rather long and loose; berry large size, round, 
sometimes a little flattened; black; flesh very 
sweet and tender. Early and productive. 

Hermann. This new wine grape is a seed- 
ling of Norton's Virginia, raised by Mr. F. Lan- 
gendoerfer, near Hermann, Mo. The original 
vine had fruited in 1863 with its originator, and 
grafts of it fruited abundantly in 18G4. It has 
now been tested for nearly ten years, in various 
places, and proved itself without a fault as to 
growth, foliage and fruit. On trying the must 
on Oechsle's scale it showed 96°, and has since 
varied from 94° to 105°. Bunch long and nar- 
row, seldom shouldered, compact, often nine 
inches long; the shoulders, if there are any, 
having the appearance of a separate bunch; 
berry small, about same size as Norton's, round, 
black with blue bloom, moderately juicy, never 
rots or mildews, and ripens very late, a few days 
later than the Norton's. The juice is of a 
brownish yellow, making a wine of the color of 
brown Sherry or Madeira, of great body and of 
very fine flavor, resembling Madeira. Our 
friend Sam. Miller says: There is a peculiar fra- 
grance about the wine of the Hermann that no 
other American grape possesses, and were I a 
teetotaler in drinking, I should like to have 
wine of it, just for the pleasure of smelling it. 
I propose for its wine the name of "Harmony, '> 
for such it will produce. The French judges, 
at the Congres de Montpellier, pronounce the 
Hermann " bien droit de gout, particulierement 
bon and corse." Vine a strong grower, and 
very productive, resembling the Norton's in 



DESCRIPTION OF VAEIETIES. 



57 




THE HERMANN GRAPE. 



foliage, but the leaves are of a lighter color, the 
stems covered with peculiar silvery white hair- 
like threads, and the leaves somewhat more 
deeply lobed. It is, like its parent, very^diffi- 



cult to propagate, and will rarely grow from 
cuttings in the open ground. Roots wiry, very 
tough, with a smooth hard liber, defying all 
attacks of the Phylloxera. Canes of medium 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



thickness, great length and vigor, and a moder- 
ate number of laterals. The canes often branch 
off with a fork, having a double bud at the base, 
a freak of more frequent occurrence with this, 
than any other variety we know of. Wood very 
hard, with a small pith. 

We have watched this grape closely, and with 
particular interest, and have become, firmly con- 
vinced that it is an important addition to our 




THE HINE GRAPE. 



list of wine grapes. If productiveness, general 
hardihood and health, and a superior wine can 
entitle a new variety to consideration, this va- 
riety certainly deserves it at the hands of our 
vintners. Its wine is entirely different and dis- 
tinct from anything else we have, and which we 
hope will be the American Madeira, so anxious- 
ly sought by our connoisseurs. At the trial Of 
wines, at Hermann, Mo., held on the 17th ot 
May, 1869, the "Hermann" attract, 
ed general attention. An extra pre- 
mium was awarded to it. 

Let not our readers suppose that 
it will be a universal grape, howev- 
er. For our locality and further 
south it will be eminently desirable ; 
" It is a pity that it has not been 
more extensively planted as yet;" 
but much further north it will hard- 
ly attain the perfection requisite to 
make a superior wine, as it ripens 
so late. It will, we think, be found 
specially adapted to southern slopes 
and limestone soil, though it seems 
to have all, or even more, of Ihe har- 
dihood of its parent. It is a true 
JEstivalis in leaf and habit. 

Mr. Langcndorfer has lately raised 
some forty Hermann Seedlings, from 
which he selected, as the best, a white 
seedling of the Hermann, which 
seems very vigorous and productive, 
promising to be a most valuable 
white wine grape, and the first of 
that class (vEstivalis) with white 
berries. The one bottle of wine 
made from it is as excellent in qual- 
ity as the grape is remarkable for its 
color; some good judges who tasted 
the wine said: it is exceedingly 
smooth and fine ; in bouquet plainly 
showing Hermann origin, only as 
much finer and pleasanter than Her- 
mann, as good Cynthiana is finer 
and better than Norton's Virginia. 

The originator does not intend to 
disseminate this new variety for 
several years, and has not decided 
upon a name for this grape. 

Hine. (Labr.) A seedling of 
the Catawba, raised by Jasoii Brown 
(son of John Brown) at Put-in-Bay, 
Ohio. It makes a good-sized, com- 
pact, slightly shouldered bunch; 
berry medium, of a dark rich claret 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



59 



brown, with a purplish bloom; skin of medium 
thickness ; flesh juicy, sweet and almost without 
pulp; leaf large, thick and whitish underneath; 
canes reddish brown, short jointed; buds prom- 
inent; ripeus with the Delaware, which it some- 
what resembles. Justly regarded by all who 
have seen it as a grape of much promise. It 
took the first premium as the best new seedling 
at the Ohio State Fair (1868). "We give an en- 
graving, figured from a bunch raised by Chas. 
Carpenter, Kelley's Island. As this new grape 
has not yet been tested in different localities, we 
can not recommend it, except as an interesting 
novelty to amateurs; and its being supposed to 
be a cross between the Catawba and Isabella 
gives us but little confidence in its health. 

Howell. {Labr.) Origin unknown; Bunch and 
terry medium; oval, black; skin thick ; flesh with firm 
pulp, pleasant. Good. Middle September.— Downing. 




DEWING. 



Humboldt. (JEst.) A very interesting 
new seedling of the Louisiana, raised by Fr. 
Muench, described by him as of very vigorous 
growth, healthy and hardy, free of rot or leaf 
blight. Bunch, below medium; berries me- 
dium, of light green color, and of finest quality. 

Huntingdon. (Cord.) A new grape of the 
Clinton class. Bunch small, compact, shoul- 
dered; berry small, round, black, juicy and vi- 
nous. Ripens early. Vine a vigorous grower, 
healthy, hardy and productive; promises well 
for wine. 

Hyde's Eliza. See: York Madeira. 

Imperial . A white seedling from Iona and Sarbelle 
Muscat, by Mr. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N. Y. Bunch 
large, with slight shoulder; lerry very large, white, 
with considerable bloom; no pulp; no seeds (?); splen- 
did flavor, with traces of the Iona-Muscat aroma; vine 
a vigorous grower, hardy; ripens about time 
olthe Isabella. The finest white grape of 
Mr. Ricketts' collection, according to Mr. 
Williams, editor of tbe Horticulturist. 



lining. (Underbill's 8-20.) A 
most showy and attractive neiu white 
grape, grown irom Concord seed, 
crossed with White Frontignan, which 
was planted by Mr. Steph. W. Under- 
bill, of Croton Point, New York, in 
the spring of 1863; fruited first in 18G6. 
The character of the very large cluster 
is seen by the engraving (about one- 
half reduced in size). The berry is 
large, considerably larger than Con- 
cord, of a yellowish-white color, 
slightly tinged with pink, when very 
ripe. The vine is a healthy, vigorous 
grower, has large, thick foliage, with 
'down' on the under side. Fruit 
ripens ratheV late, between the Isabella 
and Catawba, and keeps well in win- 
ter; it has a vinous flavor, and is quite 
fleshy when perfectly ripe. We con- 
sider this far more deserving of dissem- 
ination than his 'Croton.' 

Ithaca. A new seedling raised by Dr. 
S. J. Parker, Ithaca, .N. Y.; described by its 
originator as in bunch and berry larger than 
Walter; a pure greenish- yellow; a rose-like 
smell and a high, Chasselas-Mosque-like ( ?) 
flavor, and claimed to be a cross of Chasselas 
on Delaware, ripening before Delaware, and 
to be hardy, healthy and vigorous. Not dis- 
seminated. We only place it on record as 
one of the new varieties likely to be brought 
forward. 



60 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Iona. Originated by Dr. C. W. Grant, of 
Tona Island, near Peekskill, N. Y. It is a seed- 
ling of the Catawba, and the leaf somewhat re- 
sembles that variety. Wood soft, short-jointed, 
with a pith above average size ; vine a strong 
grower; roots rather few, straight, of medium 
thickness and of no very firm texture, Canes 
straight, not inclined to ramble, and of medium 
thickness, with few laterals. Here it is subject 
to mildew and rot, and requires careful protec- 
tion in winter. 

The Iona is a fine grape for the garden, and 
suited only to specially sheltered and protected 
localities ; it requires rich soil and good cultiva- 
tion; in regions which are not subject to mil- 
dew (or leaf blight as it is sometimes called), 
and where the root louse is not abundant, to 
which its feeble root soon succumbs, the Iona 
will yield a fine crop of splendid, large and well 
developed clusters. Wherever it will succeed, 
it is a most desirable variety, also for the vine- 
yard, making a splendid wine. The Pleasant 
Valley Wine Co. use this variety largely in 
making their fine sparkling wines. 

Bunch usually large, long and shouldered, 
not very compact; berries medium to large, 
slightly oval; skin thin, but tenacious; pale red, 
with numerous deep red veins, which become 
quite dark when fully ripe; fine bloom. Flesh 
tender, with uniform character and consistence 
to the center. Flavor rich, sweet, vinous ; 
quality best; — nearly equaling the Delaware; 
ripens with, or a few days after Concord, and 
continues a long time in use. Magnificent 
specimens were grown in a cold-house by Mr. 
Saunders, at the Experimental Gardens at 
Washington. Must 88 Q to 92°, and some re- 
corded as high as 101° ; acid 6.6-10. 

Isabella. Syn. Paign's Isabella, Woodward, 
Christie's Improved Isabella, Payne's Early, 
Sanbornton (?). (Lair.) Probably a native of South 
Carolina; was brought to the North and introduced to 
the notice of cultivators about the year 1818 by Mrs. Is- 
abella Gibbs, in honor of whom it was named. In the 
East, its great vigor, hardiness, and productiveness 
have caused it to be widely disseminated, but in the 
West it was found to ripen unevenly and very liable to 
mildew, rot, and leaf-blight. It has, justly we think, 
been entirely discarded by our grape growers, since 
better and more reliable varieties have taken its place. 
Bunches large, loose, shouldered; berries oval, large, 
dark purple, nearly black when fully ripe, and covered 
with a blue-black bloom. Flesh juicy, with a rich 
musky aroma; tough pulp, and a good deal of acidity. 
Ripens irregularly, and the leaves seem to fall just at 
the time they are needed to aid in ripening the fruit. 

In tome localities it is still a favorite market grape; 
Must at Hammondsport, 60° to 79°; acid 12>£to 6 per m. 

The Isabella has a host of children, few of whom have 



survived her, it seems. Those of her seedlings which 
acquired some repute are described under their proper 
names in this Catalogue, see Adirondac, Eureka, Hyde's 
Eliza, Israella, Mary Ann, To-Kalon, Union Village. 

Many of her seedlings differ so little in form, size, or 
quality of fruit, in growth and productiveness, (some 
are only different in name,) that we prefer to class them 
as sub-varieties. They are: Aiken, Baker, Bogue's Eu- 
reka, Brown, Cloanthe, Carter (?), Hudson, Louisa, (by 
Sam. Miller. It was certainly superior with him, but 
when the learned ones pronounced it identical, he saw 
no use in propagating it.) Lee's Isabella, Payne' * Early, 
Pioneer, Nonantum, Sanbornton, Trowbridge, Wright's 
Isabella, <&c. 

Israella. Originated with Dr. C. W. Grant, 
who claimed for it that it was " the earliest good 
grape in cultivation;" but later he himself ad- 
mitted that it was not as good as his " Eumelan." 
With us it proved later than Hartford Prolific, 
but the great beauty of its clusters makes it val- 
uable as a table grape. Vine a moderate grower ; 
foliage subject to mildew; bunches large, shoul- 
dered, compact and very handsome, when well 
ripened ; berry black, with beautiful bloom, 
rather large, slightly oval, pulpy, not above 
second rate in quality. Berckmans, of Augusta, 
Ga., however, says: " The climate of Georgia 
adds so much to its quality, that all who tasted 
it here, pronounce it the best grape in cultiva- 
tion." — Essay before the Penn. Hort. Soc. 

The Israella is probably a seedling of the Isa- 
bella, which it resembles in habit of growth and 
character of fruit. Must (said to have reached) 
84°, with only 5& acid. 

Ives. Syn. Ives' Seedling, Ives' Madeira, 
Kittredge. (Labr.) Raised by Henry Ives, of 
Cincinnati, (probably from the seed of a Hart- 
ford Prolific; certainly not from a foreign grape 
as Mr. Ives supposed.) Colonel Waring and Dr. 
Kittridge were the first to make wine from it — 
about ten years ago — and now it is a popular 
red wine in Ohio. While we do not deem it 
entitled to the first prize " as the best wine- 
grape for the whole country," (awarded to the 
Ives at Cincinnati, Sept. 24th, 1868,) we do ac- 
cord to it the great merit of having given a new 
impulse to grape growing in Ohio, at a time 
when the repeated failures of the Catawba Vine- 
yards made it most desirable. 

Bunches medium to large, compact, often 
shouldered ; berries medium, slightly oblong, of 
a dark purple color; when fully ripe, quite 
black. Flesh sweet and juicy, but decidedly 
foxy, and rather pulpy. Not desirable as a 
table grape ; but nevertheless, a popular market 
grape, as it bears transportation better than 
most other kinds. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



61 



It colors very early, but its period of ripening 
is later than the Concord. The vine is remark- 
ably healthy and hardy; a strong, coarse grower, 
in general habit and appearance closely resem- 
bling the Hartford prolific. Moots abundant, 
thick, spreading, and of tolerably hard texture. 
Liber thick, but firm ; pushes new spongioles 
rapidly and hence offers good resistance to the 
Phylloxera; it does not seem to be an early 
bearer, four-year old vines of this variety pro- 
ducing the first crop. It, however, bears pro- 
fusely when older. The Ives wine has a most 
beautiful deep red color, but a foxy taste and 
odor; must 80°. 




Kalamazoo. (Labr.) Raised from seed of Ca- 
tawba, by Mr. Dixon, an Englishman, at Steuben ville, 
Ohio. The fruit is larger than the Catawba, and grows 
in bunches larger than those of that variety, and more 
marked in the peculiar richness of its deep blue bloom; 
skin thick; flesh soft, not quite tender all through; 
sweet, but not as rich as Catawba. According to the 
Am. Pomological Society Report (1871), it is said to 
ripen 10 days earlier; according to the Dep. of Agricul- 
ture Report, 1S72 (p. 484), it is said to ripen 10 days 
later than the Catawba ! We do not know which is 
correct, as we did not try this variety ourselves. The 
vine is said to be a vigorous grower, hardy and very 
productive. 

Kilvingfton. (?) Origin unknown. Bunch medium, 
tolerably compact; berry small, round, dark red, with a 
bloom; flesh pulpy, halt tender, vinous. — Downing. 

Kingsessingr. (Labr.) Bunch long, loose, shoul- 
dered; berry medium, round, pale red, with a bloom; 
flesh pulpy. — Downing. 

Kitchen. (Cord) Seedling from Franklin; bunch 
and ben-y medium, berry round, black; flesh acid, juicy. 
— Downing. 

Labe. ( ? ) Bunch rather small, short, oblong; 
berries medium, loosely set, black; flesh half tender, 
pulpy, sharp, sweet.— Downing. 

" L.ady." A new white grape, purchased by 
Mr. Geo. W. Campbell, from a Mr. Imlay, of 
Muskingum County, O , who has fruited it for 
six years, and first offered to the public in the 
fall of 1874. Mr. Campbell introduces it with 
the following encomium: 

" It is a pure Concord seedling, and has all 
the vigor, health and hardiness of its parent. 
The vine, in its habit of growth, foliage, and 
general appearance, is scarcely distinguishable 
from the Concord. 

" After four > ears careful testing and observa- 
tion,* I confidently offer it as the very best 
white grape, for general cultivation, yet in- 
troduced. It is unquestionably an improvement 
on the Martha grape, being at least double in 
size, earlier, more productive, and at the same 
time free from that foxiness which renders the 
Martha objectionable to many. I have no hesi- 
tation in recommending it for the most exten- 
sive culture, feeling assured that it will succeed 
perfectly in all localities where the Concord can 
be grown with good success. By reason of its 
earlier ripening, several days before Hartford 
even, it will be found especially adapted to 
northern localities, where Concord does not al- 
ways mature, f In size of berry it is even 
larger than Concord ; in size of cluster, on young 



THE IVES' GRAPE. 



* The vines endured, without injury, the severe cold of the 
winter of 1S72-73. 32° below zero ! 

t In our latitude this very early ripening is not desirable, 
especially for wine making. 



62 



BUSHBEHG CATALOGUE. 




"LADY." 



vines, it has been, so far, a little less; though 
many bunches, the past season, were fully up to 
the average size of Concords. In quality it is 
better flavored and more delicate than Concord, 
in its texture and general character much like 
it. In color, light greenish-yellow, covered 
with white bloom; seeds few and small; skin 
thin ; pulp tender ; flavor sweet and rich, slightly 
vinous, and without foxiness in taste or smell. 



I regard it as possessing more desirable quali- 
ties for a profitable garden and market grape, 
than any white grape within my knowledge." 
This is certainly very strong recommendation 
and coming from Mr. Campbell, we receive it 
with great confidence. We have planted a con- 
siderable number ourselves, and hope to be able 
to bear testimony in the future to all he claims 
for it. 



DESCRIPTION OF VAKIETfES. 



63 



JLenoir. (JEst.) A southern grape of the 
Herbemont class, from Lenoir Co., N. C. 
Bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berries 
small, round, dark-bluish purple, nearly black, 
covered with light bloom; flesh tender, no pulp, 
juicy, sweet and vinous. A good variety South, 
but too tender and too late in ripening for the 
North. In favorable localities it will be found 
desirable for wine and table; vine a fine grower, 
but a tardy bearer; foliage deeply lobed; roots 
tough, resisting Phylloxera, and said to succeed 
and please in France. (See " Ohio.") 

Lindley. ( Rogers' No. 9. ) This grape 
originated by hybridizing the wild Mammoth 
grape of New England with the Golden Chasse- 
las. Bunch long, medium, shouldered, some- 
what loose; berries medium to large, round; 
color quite peculiar, and distinct from any 
other variety, rather more of a brick red than 
Catawba color; flesh tender, sweet, with scarce- 
ly a trace of pulp, and of high aromatic flavor. 
It resembles the Grizzly Frontignan in appear- 
ance of bunch, and is by some regarded as 
fully equal to the Delaware in quality. Boots 
long and straight, with a smooth liber of me- 
dium firmness; canes slender for their length, 
with few laterals and large, prominent buds; 
vine of very vigorous growth, making rather 
long-jointed wood, medium in hardness and 
size of pith. The foliage when young is of a 
reddish color; the fruit ripens early, and drops 
from the bunch ; it makes a splendid white wine. 
Specific gravity of must 80°. 

"To those desiring a substitute for the Ca- 
tawba, this will be an acquisition." — Husmann. 
We would recommend it as a table grape only. 

Logan. (Lair.) A wilding of Ohio. On its intro- 
duction, supposed to be a great acquisition, and recom- 
mended by the Am. Pomological Society, as promising 
well; but it has sadly failed to meet public expectation, 
and is now more generally discarded than the Isabella, 
to which it was deemed preferable. Bunches medium, 
shouldered, compact; berries large, oval, black; flesh 
juicy, pulpy, insipid in flavor; vine a slender grower, 
early and productive. 

Louisiana. Introduced here by that em- 
inent pioneer of Western grape culture, Fred. 
Munch, of Missouri. He received it from Mr. 
Theard, of New Orleans, who asserts that it 
was imported from France by his father, and 
planted on the banks of Pontchartrain, near 
New Orleans, where it has for thirty years 
yielded abundant and luscious fruit. Mr. 
Munch firmly believes that it is of Europeau 
origin, and belongs to the Burgundy family. 
Mr. Fr. Hecker is just as positive that it is Eu- 



ropean, but deems it nothing else but the Clav- 
ner grape of his native country — the Grand 
Duchy of Baden. Mr. Husmann, on the other 
hand, holds that it is a true native American, 
belonging to the southern division of the JEsti- 
valis class, of which the Herbemont and Cunn- 
ingham may serve as types. All agree, how- 
ever, that it is a most valuable variety, very 
productive, yielding a most delicious fruit, and 
making a very fine wine. 

The great vigor of its luxuriant, branching 
roots, well resisting Phylloxera, besides other 
characteristics, make us believe — the assertions 
of Mr. Theard to the contrary notwithstanding 
— that the Louisiana and Rulander are natives, 
of the .iEstivalis species. 

Bunch medium size, shouldered, compact, 
very fine; berry small, round, black; flesh with- 
out pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous; quality best. 
Vine a very good grower, very healthy and 
more or less productive, according to position 
and, treatment: requires winter protection. 
Boots wiry and very tough, with a hard liber; 
canes very stout, of moderate length, short 
jointed, and few, large laterals; wood very 
hard, with a small pith, and firm outer bark. 

The Louisiana and Bulander (or rather, what 
we call ^ereltulander,) so closely resemble each 
other iu general appearance, growth and foli- 
age, that we are unable to distinguish them, ex- 
cept by their fruit, which ripens in both varie- 
ties at the same time (rather late). Both are un- 
doubtedly nearly related to each other; but 
there is a difference in the juice — the wine of 
these two varieties. Louisiana makes, in our 
estimation, the better wine of the two, in fact 
the finest white wine, of Hock character, that 
we have. Our friend Munch has succeeded in 
raising some seedlings of the Louisiana, which 
are hardy, requiring no covering in winter, and 
promise to be very valuable. See "Humboldt," 
"Schiller," "Uhland." 

L,ydia. Originated by Mr. Carpenter, of 
Kelley's Island, Lake Erie. Supposed to be an 
Isabella seedling. Bunches short, compact; 
berries large, oval, light green, with salmon tint 
where exposed to the sun; skin thick; pulp 
tender, sweet, of fine flavor, slightly vinous. In 
habit of growth, the vine is not unlike the Isa- 
bella, but is much less productive. A handsome 
grape, of good quality, but rots and mildews in 
unfavorable seasons ; ripens a few days later 
than the Delaware. 

Lyman. (Cord.). Origin unknown. A northern 
variety, said to have been brought from Quebec up- 
wards of fifty years ago. Hardy and productive. 



64 



BTJSHBERG CATALOGUE. 




THE MARTHA GRAPE. 



Bunch small, rather compact; berry round, medium, or 
below; black, covered with a thick bloom; similar in 
flavor to Clinton, and ripens about the same time. 

Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from the 
above , but hardly to be distinguished from it — Downing. 

Martha. (Labr.) A white seedling of the 
Concord, raised by our friend Samuel Miller, 
formerly of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, now of 
Bluffton, Missouri. The most popular among 
the white varieties. Bunch medium, smaller 
than the Concord, moderately compact, shoul- 
dered; berry medium, round, greenish white, 
sometimes with an amber tinge; when fully 
ripe pale yellow, covered with white bloom. 
Skin thin. Flesh very buttery, and of a re- 
markable sweetness unmixed with acidity and 



without vinous flavor ; somewhat pulpy, often 
containing but a single seed. Odor decidedly 
foxy, but this character is much more apparent 
in the fruit than in its wine. 

The vine is very healthy and hardy, resem- 
bling the Concord, but not quite as vigorous a 
grower, and the leaf is of somewhat lighter 
green. Hoots of average texture and liber, 
throwing out young spongioles readily. Canes 
generally more upright than Concord, with less 
laterals and not as much inclined to ramble. 
Wood firm, with a medium pith. Very pro- 
ductive, and the berries hang well to the bunch. 
Ripens a few days earlier than the Concord, 
and will therefore suit even northern localities. 
Must 85° to 90°; at least 10° higher than Concord. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



65 



The wine is of a light straw color of delicate, 
flavor. The French commission at the Exposi- 
tion of Am. Wines at Montpellier, 1874, pro- 
nounced the Martha as "approaching the wines 
of Piquepoul, produced in the Herault." 

Seedlings have been raised of late from the Mar- 
tha, but are not yet disseminated; one of these, 
raised by F. Munch, seems to be an improve- 
ment ou the parent, producing more abundant- 
ly and a somewhat larger and better fruit. (See 
also "Lady.") 

ITIaguire is like Hartford, but more foxy. — Strong. 

Manhattan, (Labr.) originated near New York. 
A poor bearer. Bunches small; beriies medium, round, 
greenish white, with a bloom. Flesh sweet, rather 
pulpy. — Downing. 

Marine!*' new seedlings; these are crosses between 
purely native varieties, claimed to be produced by a 
new and very simple process: diluting the pollen of the 
male flower with rain water and then applying it to the 
pistils of the variety which he selects as the female 
parent. Among the seedlings thus raised there are 
some quite peculiar and very interesting; some are 
of the jEstvoalis family, but with beriies of quite large 
size: 1. Nerluton, fine large bunch, berries above medi- 
um, black; leaf very large and leathery, strong. 2. Green 
Castle, same as the former, berries even larger. 
3. Luna, white, in appearance almost like Martha; but) 
the gain in size seems to be coupled with a loss in qual- 
ity, compared to our delicious, juicy, small ^Estivalis 
grapes. A larger number of his seedlings are of the 
Labrusca type, and among these his il U. £." black, 
Mianna and King William, white, are well worthy a trial. 

Mary, (?) raised by Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island. 
Vine hardy, strong grower. Fruit ripens too late for 
the North. Bunch medium, moderately c impact; berries 
medium, round, greenish white, with a bloom. Flesh 
tender, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, brisk flavor. — Down- 
ing. Another Mary, an early red grape, is described by 
Fuller. 

Marion. (Cord.) A new variety brought 
to us from Pennsylvania by that indefatigable 
horticulturist, Samuel Miller, who got it from 
Dr. C. W. Grant. It came probably from 
"Longworth's famous school of vines," valua- 
ble for a dark red wine. Bunch medium, com- 
pact; berry medium, but considerably larger 
than Clinton, round, black, juicy, sweet when 
fully ripe; ripens late — long after coloring, but 
hangs firmly to the bunch. Blooms early, with 
Clinton, which variety it resembles yet far sur- 
passes, in our opinion ; so much so that it 
appears almost a transition from the Riparia to 
.ZEstivalis species. Vine a very vigorous grow- 
er, rambling but not so straggling as the Clin- 
ton. Wood firm with a medium pith. Foliage 
large, strong and abundant; of a peculiar 
golden hue when young, the young branches of 



a beautiful red color. Hoots wiry and firm, 
with a smooth, hard liber, enjoy the immunity 
from Phyloxera belonging to its species in the 
fullest degree. 

Ulary Ann. (Labr.) Raised by J. B. Gar- 
ber, Columbia, Pennsylvania. Bunch medium, 
moderately compact, shouldered; berry medi- 
um, oval, black, pulpy, foxy, resembling the 
Isabella. Very early, ripening a day or two 
before the Hartford Prolific, and therefore val- 
uable as an early market grape, though of an 
inferior quality. 

Massasoit, (Roger's Hybrid No. 3). A fine, 
early grape for table and market. AVe copy 
the following description by Mr. "Wilder, our 
celebrated veteran of American pomology: 

Bunch rather short, medium size, shouldered; 
berry medium to large, color brownish red. 
Flesh tender and sweet, with a little of the 
native flavor when fully ripe. Season same as 
the Hartford Prolific. Very free from disease, 
and sufficiently vigorous. 





MAXATAWNEY (half diameter) . 

Maxatawney. (Labr.) A chance seed- 
ling, originated in Montgomery county, Penn- 
sylvania in 1844. First brought into notice in 
1858. Bunch medium, long, occasionally com- 
pact, usually not shouldered; berry above me- 
dium, oblong, pale yellow, with slight amber 
tint on the sunny side. Flesh tender, not pulpy 



66 



BUSHBBEG CATALOGUE. 



sweet and delicious, with fine aroma, few seeds ; 
quality best, both for table jaud wine. Ripens 
rather late for northern localities, but where it 
fully ripens, as here in Missouri, it is one of the 
finest of our native white grapes, much like the 
European white Chasselas. Hoots slender, soft 
in texture aud liber, incapable of resisting Phyl- 
loxera. Canes light and of moderate length, 
with average number of laterals. "Wood soft 
with a large pith. Vine very healthy and 
hardy ; needs no protection in winter; foliage 
large, deeply indented. Must 82°. 

" Will make a very delicate white wine without 
gallizing." — Husmann. 

Merrimack (Roger's No. 19). Regarded 
by some as the finest grape in the collection of 
Rogers' hybrids. Mr. Wilder says: 

It is one of the most reliable varieties in all 
seasons. Vine very vigorous, free from dis- 
ease. Bunch usually smaller than his other 
black sorts ; berry large, sweet, tolerably rich. 
Season about the 20th of September (in Massa- 
chusetts.) 




MOTTLED. 



We prefer his No. 4., the "Wilder;" it is like 
it in quality, with by far larger and heavier 
bunches, and more profitable. 

Miles. (Labr.) Origin, "Westchester coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania. Vine a moderate grower, 
hardy and productive. Bunch small, rather 
compact; berry small, round, black. Flesh 
tender, slight pulp at centre; brisk, vinous, 
pleasant. Ripens among the earliest, but does 
not hang long. "We cannot recommend it for 
vineyard culture as a profitable market grape, 
but for family use as a good early table grape 
it is valuable, especially for the North. 

Miner's Seedling. (See Venango.) 

Missouri. Syn : Missouri Seedling. Mentioned 
by Buchanan and Downing-, but now unknown, even in 
Missouri. 

71 on it i Lebanon. {Lair.) Originated by George 
Curtis, of the United Society of Mount Lebanon, Colum- 
bia county, N. Y.; supposed to be a Cross of Spanish 
Amber and Isabella. Bunch larger than Northern Mus- 
cadine; berry round, reddish. Flesh pulpy, tough, 
though sweet, perhaps a little better than Northern 
Muscadine . Not yet tried here. 

Mottled. Originated with Mr. 
Charles Carpenter, Kelly's Island. 
A seedling of the Catawba. Earlier 
in ripening and less disposed to mil- 
dew and rot than its parent. Mr. 
H. Lewis, of Sandusky, Ohio, says: 

"This variety undoubtedly de- 
serves more credit than it has gained, 
at home and abroad." 

Charles Downing says : 

"A profuse bearer, ripening^with 
Delaware. It will hang a long time 
after ripe, and keeps unusually 
well." 

"We, in Missouri, as well as Dr. E. 
Van Kewren, at Hammondsport, 
found it a poor grower and bearer. 

Bunch medium size, very compact, 
slightly shouldered ; berries medium 
to large, round, distinctly mottled 
when held to the light, with differ- 
ent shades of red or maroon while 
ripening, but nearly a uniform dark 
Catawba color when fully ripe, with 
a slight bloom. Flesh sweet, juicy, 
vinous, of brisk, sprightly flavor, 
always rather pulpy and acid at the 
center. Skin thick. Season late, 
ripens with Norton's Virginia. 
Hangs well to the bunch, and im- 
proves by being left long on the 






DESCRIPTION OF YAEIETIES. 



67 



vines. More desirable as a wine than as a table 
grape. Vines healthy, hardy, and very produc- 
tive on old, established vines ; moderately vig- 
orous; foliage abundant; wood short jointed. 
It was recorded by three competent judges, Mr. 
Geo. Leick being one, that its must weighed 94°, 
with acid 4 per mill. 

Neff. (Lair.) Syn. Reuka. Origin on the farm 
of Mr. Neff, near Keuka, on Crooked Lake, N. Y- 
Bunch medium; Jerry medium, dark copper red. Flesh 
pulpy and somewhat foxy. Good native, early. 

Neosho. (^Estivalis.) Found growing 
wild on the farm of Mr. E. Schoenborn, near 
Neosho, Southwest Missouri. In 1868 Mr. Her- 
man Jaeger sent grafts of this (and other vari- 
eties of wild summer grapes) to that pioneer of 
Missouri vintners, Hon. Fred. Munch, who, 
finding it to be of superior quality, called it 
the "Neosho." Cultivated since that time in 
Warren and Newton counties, it never failed at 
either place to produce large and healthy crops, 
and gained in favor every year. Mr. S. Miller 
says: 

"Neosho is a treasure to the land. It is a 
true _<33stivalis in all its habits, resembling Nor- 
ton in wood and foliage, yet quite distinct. 
For our climate and further south it promises 
to be among the white wine grapes what the 
Cynthiana is among the red wine grapes." 

This is the highest praise, the best prognosti- 
cation that can be given. Bunch and berries 
are of the same size as Norton's ; the bunches 
compact, shouldered, heart-shaped. The skin 
of the berries is thin, black with blue bloom, 
very dark, yet contains but very little coloring 
matter and less tannin ; the pulp is meaty, very 
sweet and spicy, with but little acidity. Seeds 
rather large. The wood of the Neosho is ex- 
tremely hard and tough ; it will not propagate 
from cuttings. The vine is a most vigorous 
grower when once established on its own roots, 
or successfully grafted. Succeeds, so far, 
equally well on prairie, hill or bottom; re- 
quires plenty of room and prefers spur pruning 
on old wood. It is so hardy that it may be said 
to resist all the extremes of our changeable cli- 
mate in Missouri. The roots are strong, wiry, 
and exempt from injury by Phylloxera. The 
foliage is coarse, but of beautiful color — dark 
and glossy green, and retains its freshness till 
frost sets in. The must of this remarkable new 
grape showed 110° on Oechsle's scale, and only 
bh mills acid on Twitchel's acidometer. Al- 
though fermented on the husk for two days, the 
color of the wine is a beautiful golden yellow, 
has an exquisite bouquet, and a most peculiar, 



very fine aroma, somewhat similar to Maderia 
wine. This variety being moreover unexcelled 
in fruitfulness, even in an almost poor but 
warm and loose soil, promises to become one of 
the leading varieties among American grapes, 
and with roots quite invulnerable by the Phyl- 
loxera may even become of great importance 
for France. 

Great thanks are due to Mr. Jaeger and Papa 
Munch for having introduced this variety ; but 
there exist only a few vines of it, and its propa- 
gation is so difficult that the high price will 
prevent its becoming as generally known and 
planted as it deserves. Nor should it be planted 
far north of St. Louis ; it is a southern grape, 
ripens with Norton's Virginia, and wherever 
this does not ripen it is useless to try it. 

Newark. A Hybrid of Clinton and Vinifera, raised 
in Newark, New Jersey. Vine of vigorous growth, 
hardy, very productive. Bunches long, loose, shoul- 
dered; berries medium, dark, almost black, sweet, juicy 
and vinous, of pleasant taste; but however promising 
during a few years, it becomes soon diseased, its fruit 
subjtct to rot, and perishes, like its European parent; 
it cannot be recommended. 

Newport. (^£st.) Said to be a seedling from and 
similar to Herbemont. 

North America. (Lair.) Bunch small, shoul- 
dered; iemj round, black, juicy but foxy. Ripens 
about with Hartford Prolific. Vine, vigorous, unpro- 
ductive. 

Northern Muscadine. (Labr.) A seed- 
ling raised by the Shakers of New Lebanon, N. 
Y. Opinions differ widely about its value. 
Papa Munch, (as we call our venerable friend, 
the Hon. Frederic Munch,) places it as a table 
grape next to the Diana and Venango, and as a 
wine grape far above them. Bunch medium, 
very compact, almost round; berry medium to 
large, dark amber-colored or brownish red, flesh 
pulpy and foxy, sweet, skin thick. Berries apt 
to drop from the bunch when ripe. Ripens 
early — about two weeks before Catawba. Vine 
of luxuriant growth, hardy and productive, free 
from rot. Its must will probably be found val- 
uable to mix, in small proportion, with some 
other variety to which it would impart, we be- 
lieve, a fine Muscat flavor. 

North Carolina. (Labr.) This seedling 
originated with that veteran pomologist, J. B. 
Garber, of Columbia, Pennsylvania; belongs to 
the Isabella type, and is a showy market grape 
of fair quality. Bunch medium to large, occa- 
sionally shouldered, moderately compact; 
berries large, oblong, black with slight blue 
bloom; flesh pulpy but sweet; skin thick; 



68 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 




THE NORTH CAROLINA SEEDLING. 



hangs well to the bunch, and will keep well and 
cany to market in good condition. Ripens 
early, coloring a few days before the Concord. 
Vine an enormous grower, hardy, healthy, and 
very productive; requires long pruning and 
" plenty to do." Roots abundant, thick, firm, 
with a tolerably hard liber; seems a good resist- 
ant to Phylloxera. Canes of medium thickness, 
long and rambling, with an average comple- 
ment of laterals. Wood firm with a medium 
pith. The initiated can also make a good Mus- 
catell wine of it. Must, 84°. 



Norton, or Norton's Virginia. Origin- 
ated from seed of a wild grape (from the forests 
in Hanover county, Virginia) in the garden of 
Dr. D. N. Norton, an amateur horticulturist 
near Richmond, Virginia, and was introduced 
by him to public notice about forty-five years 
ago. It made but little progress until about 
twenty-five years ago, when Mr. Heinrichs and 
Dr. Kehr brought it, each a few sprigs, to our 
Herman vine-dressers. This little insignificant 
looking grape, pronounced worthless by Mr. 
Longworth, the father of American grape cul- 






DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



ture, has, nevertheless, become the great and 
leading variety for red wine, not merely in 
Missouri, where its superior qualities were 
first appreciated and brought out in full splen- 
dor, and in its native State, but far and near, 
wherever grape vines are planted; and it is 
now so popular that it will be difficult to 
make our grape growers believe a variety still 
superior to the Norton can be found. And yet 
we claim this for the "Cynthiana." 

The bunch of the Norton is long, compact and 
shouldered; berry small, black, with dark blu- 
ish red juice, almost without pulp when fully 
ripe; sweet and brisk. Ripens late in October. 
Vine vigorous, healthy, hardy and productive 
when well established, but very impatient of 
transplanting, and exceedingly difficult to prop- 
agate. Roots tough and wiry. Liber thin and 
hard, of great resistance to the Phylloxera. 
Canes vigorous, of medium thickness and good 
length. Wood very hard, with a small pith and 
firm outer bark. Wherever the season will 
admit of a thorough and perfect ripening of its 
fruit, the Norton will succeed in almost any 
soil. In rich bottoms it comes early into bear- 
ing, and is enormously productive — on high 
hills with rather poor soil and southern aspects 
it is tardy in coining into bearing, but produces 
there the richest wine, of great body and supe- 
rior medical qualities.* It has quite a peculiar 
coffeine flavor which at first seems unpleasant to 
many, but which, like coffee, endears itself to 
our taste. Must, 105°— 110°. 

From Norton's seed two most promising 
.white grapes have lately been raised, almost 
simultaneously: One by old Langendorfer, at 
Hermann, Missouri; the other by J. Balsiger of 
Highland, Illinois. These and the white Her- 
mann seedling (see Herm.) are the first white 
pure .ZEstivalis we know of, and these may be- 
come as valuable for white wines as Norton's 
and Cynthiana are for red wines. They are 
very late, ripening even later than Norton's, 
and thus will not be adapted for locations north 
of St. Louis, but the more valuable for the South. 
They have not yet been named, and will not be 
disseminated until fully tested; and unless they 
prove excellent in quality, perfectly healthy and 
hardy and very prolific, they will not be brought 
out by us. 

Oporto. {Cord-) Of the same species as the Tay- 
lor's Bullit; a true native with a foreign name. 
.Bunches small, usually very imperfect; berries small, 
black, harsh and very acid; considered a very poor 



*It is the great remedy here for dysentery and dis- 
eases of the bowels. 



variety by Mr. Fuller. " Of no value, a complete 
humbug. ' '—Husmann. 

Regarded as a valuable wine grape by Gov. R. W. Fur- 
nas of Nebraska, who says (Report to Am. Pomological 
Society, 1871) "My vines (of Oporto) have never failed 
to give a fine crop; last year I picked eleven hundred 
good bunches fron one vine five years old. It is an ex- 
ceedingly rampant grower, and, as a rule, the bunch 
not compact, bearing the fruit on until after first frosts 
in fall. I have found the Oporto to give a first class 
yield of very good wine, greatly improved by age." 
Governor, that is too good to be believed! 

Onondaga. A seedling originated in Fayctteville, 
Onondaga county, N. Y.; a cross between the Diana 
and the Delaware ; said to combine in some degree the 
flavor of both, ripening at the same time as Delaware, 
and to be a late keeper. Its appearance is certainly 
very fine, resembling Diana. Should it prove as good 
and healthy as iss originator claims, it would indeed be 
a valuable acquisition, as a market grape. Not dissem- 
inated. 

Othello, (Arnold's Hybrid No. 1.) Across 
from what is called Clinton in Canada (but not 
the true Clinton) fertilized by the pollen of 
Black Hamburg. Described in the Am. Hort. 
Annual for 1868, as follows: "Bunch and berry 
very large, much resembling the Black Ham- 
burg in appearance. Black with a fine bloom. 
Skin thin, the flesh very solid, but not pulpy; 
flavor pure and sprightly, but in the specimens 
we have seen rather acid. Ripening with the 
Delaware." 

Our experience with it has not been as favora- 
ble as we expected. The vines proved good 
growers, with beautiful, large, deeply lobed, 
smooth foliage, but not very productive. The 
bunches by no means resemble the Black Ham- 
burg in appearance ; nor are they as good in 
quality as Mr. Arnold's other Hybrids. 

Ohio. Syn. Segar-Box, Longworth's Ohio, 
Black-Spanish Alabama; is now understood to be 
identical with the "Jaques' ' or "Jack," introduced and 
cultivated near Natchez, Mississippi, by an old Span- 
iard of the name of Jaques. It used to be grown in 
Ohio, where the stock originated from a few cuttings 
left in a segar box. by some unknown person, at the 
residence of Mr. Longworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio. 
This variety attracted a good deal of attention for some 
time on account of its large, long bunches (often ten to 
fifteen inches long, rather loose, tapering, shouldered), 
and its good quality; its berries are small, round, skin 
thin, purple with a blue bloom, flesh tender, melting, 
without pulp, brisk and vinous. The wood is strong, 
long jointed, lighter red than that of the Norton's Vir- 
ginia, and smooth with peculiarly pointed buds. 
Leaves large, trilobed. At first it was also a good 
bearer, but soon mildew and rot affected it so badly 
that it was of no use, even when grown upon walls 
with protection. Downing (Fruit and F. trees of Am.) 
said "it is most likely a foreign sort, and, except in a 
few locations, a sandy soil and a mild climate, it is not 



70 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



likely to succeed." But Geo. W. Campbell, whom we 
have to thank lor valuable information on this and 
many other varieties, says "I always considered the 
Ohio or Segar-Box, from its fruit, habit of growth and 
foliage, as of the same family as Herbemout, Lenoir, El- 
sinburgh, and that class of small, black, southern 
grapes." Friend Sam Miller, ol Bluffton, Missouri, 
writes us: "The Segar-Box, or Longworth's Ohio, 1 
had in the East for years, but never grew a perfect 
bunch. It was not hardy in vine, and the fruit both 
mildewed and rotted. Here it would perhaps be as free 
from disease as Herbemont or Cunningham, to which 
class it evidently belongs." When ripe it is an excellent 
grape. A few vines sent years ago, under the names 
of "Jaques" or "Ohio," to France, by P. J. Berck- 
mans of Georgia, proved very fine and valuable, per- 
fectly resisting Phylloxera, having remained healthy 
in the midst of vineyards destroyed by the root louse. 




PERKINS. 



This attracted great attention and gave importance to 
this variety. But when Mr. Berckmans was asked for 
more of these vines, he stated that he had none, and 
that their culture had been entirely abandoned. The 
above description by our most experienced and reliable 
horticulturists, makes it more than doubtful that these 
vines, succeeding so well in the vineyards of Mr. Borty 
at Koquemare, and of Mr. Laliman, near Bordeaux, 
were the "Ohio" or "Jaques." — After considerable 
research we find, moreover, that Mr. G. Onderdonk, 
the pioneer fruit-grower of "Western Texas, describes 
the Lenoir (original stock of which he had obtained from 
Berckmans) as follows: "Bunches large, long, loose; 
berries small, black, round; no pulp; vinous and much 
coloring matter; leaves lobed; a fine bearer and wine 
grape. And we would add that the leaf and habit ex- 
actly resemble those of the Black Spanish. We have 
never planted a variety that grew otf better than this 
variety has done during the two years 
we have had it in cultivation. In 1873 
we gathered fruit from this variety that 
had been ripe seventy days on the vine." 
From these facts we strongly incline to 
believe that tliis Lenoir is the very variety 
our friends in France are looking for. 

Pauline: Syn. Burgundy of 
Georgia, Red Lenoir. A south- 
ern grape, of the same family as the 
Lenoir. Said to be superior for both 
wine and the table. Of little value 
at the North, where it does not ripen 
or grow well. Bunch large, long, 
tapering, shouldered; berries below 
medium, compact, pale amber or 
violet, with a lilac bloom; flesh 
brisk, vinous, sweet and aromatic. 
" The most delicious grape we have 
seen." — Onderdonk. Growth mod- 
erate and peculiar, comes late into 
bearing. Sometimes sheds a part of 
its leaves too early. Onderdonk be- 
lieves it to be a Hybrid and not a 
pure JEstivalis. (See also Bottsi.) 

Perkins. (Labr.) Origin, Mass. 
Resembles somewhat, in general ap- 
pearance, the Diana; a valuable, 
very early market grape, as it is 
showy, which is more important for 
our markets than fine quality ; be- 
sides, tastes differ, and to many 
tastes, its strong fox or musk flavor 
is not disagreeable ; bunch medium 
to large, shouldered; berries me- 
dium, oblong, often flattened by 
their compactness, greenish-white 
at first, then of a fine, pale lilac color 
when fully ripe, with a thin, white 
bloom; flesh rather pulpy, sweet, 
juicy; skin thick; ripens a few 



- 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



71 



days after Hartford Prolific and before Dela- 
ware; vine a vigorous grower, healthy and 
productive. 

Pollock. (Labr.) Raised by Mr. Pollock, Tremont. 
N. Y. Bunches large as Concord, compact; berries 
large, dark purple or black; flesh free of pulp, vinous, 
not too sweet. — Strong. 

Putnam, or Rickett's Delaware Seedling No. 2. 
Cross between Delaware and Concord; very early; said 
to be sweet, rich and good; must stood 80° saccharome- 
ter; 4>£ per mill. acid. 

Quassaick. A Hybrid of Clinton and Muscat- 
Hamburg, by Mr. Rickett, of Newburgh, N. Y. It has 
a large bunch, shouldered; berries above medium, oval, 
black, with a blue bloom; flesh very sweet, juicy and 
rich; vine healthy and productive. — F. R. Elliott. 

Raabe. Some say it is a Hybrid between Labrusca 
and JEstivalis or Vinifera, but Strong describes it as a 
cross between Elsinburg and Bland, which is probably 
correct. Raised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia; 
thought to be hardy, but was only moderately vigorous 
and proved quite unprofitable. Bunches small, compact, 
rarely shouldered; berry below medium size, round, 
dark red, thickly covered with bloom; flesh very juicy, 
with scarcely any pulp; flavor saccharine, with a good 
deal of the Catawba aroma; quality "best." — Ad. Int. 
Rep. 

Raritan. Rickett's Delaware Seedling No. 1. A 
cross of Concord and Delaware. Plant moderately vig- 
orous, hardy, short jointed; bunch medium, shouldered; 
berry medium, round, black; leaves of medium size, 
lobed, veined or corrugated; flesh juicy and vinous; 
ripens about the time of Delaware, and commences to 
shrivel as soon as ripe. Its originator, Mr. J. H. Rick- 
ett, of Newburg, N. Y., claims that this is a superior 
wine grape, its must coming up to 114° on Oechsle's 
scale, and 7 mill, acid by Tvvitchell's Acidometer. In 
1871 Mr. Rickett reported to the Am. Pom. Society, 
105° saccharometer; 9>£ acid; "of course too much 
acid." 

Rebecca. (Labr.) An accidental seedling, 
found in the garden of E. M. Peake, of Hudson, 
N. Y. It is one of our finest white grapes, but 
unfortunately very tender in winter, subject to 
mildew, of weak growth, deficient foliage, not 
productive. On south walls, in well protected 
situations, with dry soil and good culture, it 
succeeded, however, very well, and produced 
most delicious white grapes in some localities. 
Bunches medium, compact, not shouldered; 
berries medium, obovate; skin thin, pale green, 
tinged with yellow or pale amber color at full 
maturity, covered with a thin white bloom, con- 
siderably translucent. Flesh tender, juicy, free 
from pulp, sweet, with a peculiar musky and 
luscious aroma, distinct from any other grape ; 
seeds small; leaves of scarcely medium size, 
very deeply lobed, and sharply serrated. Suited 
only to amateur culture. 



Rentz. (Labr.) A Cincinnati seedling . 
produced by the late Sebastian Reutz, a most 
successful vintner. Claimed to be equal, if not 
superior to Ives. A large, rather coarse black 
grape, very vigorous and healthy in vine and 
foliage, and very productive. Bunch large, 
compact, often shouldered; berry large, round, 
blacky flesh rather pulpy and musky, with 
abundant sweet juice. Ripens earlier than Ives 
seedling, but is not good enough to be recom- 
mended. Valuable as a stock for grafting. 
Roots thick, with a smooth, firm liber, readily 
pushing young rootlets, of strong resistance to 
Phylloxera; canes thick, but not very long nor 
rambling. Wood hard, with a medium pith. 

Bcqua. (Rogers' No. 28.) A fine, table 
grape. Mr. Wilder, who had a better opportu- 
nity than most men, to form an accurate opinion 
of the merits of these Hybrids, and is without 
doubt the most reliable source, described it in 
the Grape Culturist as follows : 

" Vine tolerably vigorous, and quite produc- 
tive; bunch large, shouldered; berry medium 
size, roundish; skin thin ; flesh tender and sweet 
with a trace of the native flavor ; color bronzy 
green, assuming a dull brown red at maturity; 
season middle of September. A grape of fine 
quality, but subject to rot in unfavorable sea- 
sons." 

Ricsenblatt. (Giant-leaf.) A chance seedling of 
some yEstivalis grape that grows on Mr. M. Poeschles' 
vineyard at Hermann, Mo. The vine is hardy, healthy 
and productive; an enormous grower and a truly gi- 
gantic leaf. A small quantity of wine made from its 
grape by Messrs. Poeschel and Sherer has a Madeira 
character, resembling Hermann; color dark brown. 

This variety has not been disseminated and conse- 
quently has not been tried outside of Hermann. 

Rulander, or St. Genevieve. Syn. 
Amoureux, Red Elben. What we call here 
the Rulander is not the same vine known by 
that name in the neighborhood of Metz, Ger- 
many, but is claimed to be a seedling from a 
foreign grape brought by the early French set- 
tlers to the Western bank of the lower Missis- 
sippi (Ste. Genevieve). Mr. Husmann, how- 
ever, believes it to be a native belonging to the 
southern division of the ./Estivalis class, entirely 
different in foliage, wood and fruit from the 
Vitis Vinifera. Be this as it may, it certainly 
is one of our most valuable wine grapes. Bunch 
rather small, very compact, shouldered ; berry 
small, dark purple, black, without pulp, juicy, 
sweet and delicious; not subject to rot or mil- 
dew. Vine a strong, vigorous, short jointed 
grower, with heart-shaped, light green, smooth 



72 



BUSHBBKG CATALOGUE. 



leaves, hanging on till late in November; very 
healthy and hardy, but requires covering in 
winter. It has very tough, strong roots with a 
firm, smooth liber, not subject to injury by 
Phylloxera; wood very hard, with a small pith 
and firm outer bark. And although it will not 
bear big crops, it makes up in quality as a wine 
grape, what it may lack in quantity. It makes 
an excellent pale red, or rather brownish wine, 
closely resembling sherry, which was repeatedly 
awarded a first premium, as the best light col- 
ored wine. Must 100°— 110°. 

Rogers' Hybrids. Those of Mr- 
Rogers' valuable seedlings to whom he 
has given names in place of numbers, by 
which they have hitherto been desig- 
nated, have been placed, in alphabetical 
order, in their appropriate places ;* but 
there are some remaining numbers yet 
unnamed, which deserve a name. (See 
also Aminia, probably "No. 39.) 

No. 2. One of the largest of all his 
Hybrids. Bunch and berry very large, 
dark purple, nearly black ; late in ripen- 
ing, and in flavor somewhat like the Ca- 
tawba. Vine a vigorous grower and 
very productive. 

Wo. 5. Not yet fruited here. Mr. 
Geo. W. Campbell says: 

" One of the finest of Rogers' Hybrids, 
and deserving to be better known. 
Bunch medium to large, moderately com- 
pact; berries large, round, red, sweet 
and rich; free from foxiness and in qual- 
ity one of the very best. Vine perfectly 
hardy and healthy, but not as strong a 
grower as some others." 

No. §. Considered by Mr. Husmaun 
as one of the best, and valuable for wine 
making purposes, he describes it as fol- 
lows: "Bunch and berry large : color 
pale red, but the fully matured berries a 
deep coppery red, with fine light gray 
bloom; flesh sweet, juicy, with pleasant 
flavor, and almost entirely free from 
pulp. Skiu about the same thickness as 
Catawba. Vine a strong, vigorous 
grower, with broad, thick and coarse 
foliage. Hardy and productive." "We 
do not think so much of these Hybrids, and we 
fear that their roots are not sufficiently resist- 
ive to Phylloxera. 



Salem (Rogers' No. 53.) Like Agawam 
(No. 15) and Wilder (No. 4), this is a Hybrid 
between a native (Wild Mammoth), the female, 
and the Black Hamburg, the male parent. 
Bunch large and compact, broad, shouldered; 
berry large as Hamburg, three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter, of a light chestnut or catawba 
color; flesh tolerably tender, sweet, with rich, 
aromatic flavor; a little foxiness to the smell 
which is not perceptible to the taste ; considered 
in quality one of the best; skin rather thick; 
seeds large ; ripens as early as Concord; it also 




•No. 1. Goethe 
No. 8. Massasoit. 
No. 4. Wilder. 
No. 9. Liadley. 



No. 14. Gaertner. 
No. 15. Agawam. 
No. 19. Merrimac. 
No. 2$. Requa. 



No. 41. Essex. 
No. 43. Barrv. 
No. 41. Herbert. 
No. 53. Salem. 



ROGERS' HYBRID NO 



keeps well. Vine very vigorous, healthy ; foli- 
age large, strong and abundant; wood of a 
lighter color than most of the Rogers grapes. 
The roots are of medium thickness, branching, 
with smooth, firm liber, and have more of the 
native character than most other Hybrids ;£they 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



73 



seem to resist the Phylloxera as well as most 
Labrusca varieties ; the Salem can be propagated 
from cuttings with remarkable ease, and its 
vigor of growth in the shoots has hardly a par- 
allel among Hybrids. Wood rather firm with 
a moderate pith. 

Ricketts' Seedling: Grapes. Mr. J. U. 
Ricketts of Newburgh, N. Y., has worked 
for the last eight years or more, with an en- 
ergetic desire to produce by hybridization, 
some better grapes for out-door or vineyard 
culture in this country, than any we have, and 
his collection of new seedlings, (now 75 in num- 
ber) is really remarkable both for great variety 
and superior quality, but as he does not grow 
them on a large scale himself, nor put them 
on the market that others may do so, their 
hardiness and productiveness has not been 
tested ; to judge by what we have heard from 
the few who were favored with some grafts, 
we fear they are not hardy, and are very much 
subject to rot. But this may apply only to his 
hybrids, congenerous with foreign varieties, 
while some of his crosses between purely native 
varieties may he quite hardy and healthy. We 
certainly wish it, for we can testily to the great 
excellence in quality of tho«e of Mr. Ricketts' 
seedlings which we were allowed to taste at the 
meeting of the Am. Pomological Society at 
Boston (Sept. 1873). Most of them are desig- 
nated only by numbers; (Clinton No. 3 and 24 ; 
Nos. 32 and 157 similar to white Chasselas; 
Nos. 71 A and 87 B, white, with a delicate 
Muscat flavor; No. 48, seedling from Delaware, 
and No. 12 B, we regarded as the most promis- 
ing, and we offered $100 for two young vines ot 
each of them, but Mr. Ricketts desires to sell 
the Stock.* Those which have been named, so 
far, will be found in this catalogue, with such 
descriptive notes as we could obtain. 

Secretary. Obtained by J. H. Ricketts, 
Newburgh, N. Y., by crossing tha Clinton 
with Muscat Hamburgh. Vine vigorous, 
hardy. Hunch large, moderately compact, 
shouldered, with a large, black, roundish 
oval berry. Its peduncle red at the base when 
drawn from the berry. Flesh juicy, sweet, 
meaty, slightly vinous. Must 93° saccharo- 
meter; 1% per mill. acid. Foliage like Clinton 
but thicker, and about the same size. 

Schiller. One of Muench's seedlings of 
the Louisiana. Vine perfectly hardy, a vig- 
orous grower, healthy and, so far, more.pro- 
ductive than jljis other seedlings. Fruit of a purplish 
blue color, but light juice; otherwise quite similar to 
his Humboldt. 

Seneca. Very similar to (it not identical with) 
Hartford. First exhibited at Hammondsport, N. Y., 
In October, 1867, by Mr. K. Simpson, of Geneva, N. Y. 
Highly recommended by T. S. Hubbard, N. Y.,not 
known in the West. 



St. Catherine. (Labr.) Raised by James W. 
Clark, Framingham, Msss. Hunch large, rather com- 
pact hemes large, chocolate color, rather sweet, tough, 
foxy. Not of much value. — Downing. 




THE SECRETARY G-RAPK. 

Scuppernong. Synonym: Yellow Muscadine, 
White Muscadine,* Bull, Bullace, or Bullet. 
Roanoke, ( Vitis Vulpinaov V. Rotundifolia). This is 
purely and exclusively a southern grape; in South Car- 
olina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and in 
parts of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Ar- 



* We are just notified (February, 1875), thafMessrs. 
Hance & Sons have purchased the entire stock of several 
of these new seedling grapes for propagation. 



•The black or purple grapes of this class are often incor- 
rectly callei "Black Scuppe'-non?. " Southern horticultur- 
ists designate them by different names: Flowers, Mish, 
Thomas, etc. 



BTJSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



kansas— it is quite a favorite, producing annual- 
ly large and sure crops, requiring scarcely any 
care or labor. It is entirely exempt from mil- 
dew, rot or any of the diseases so disastrous to 
the northern species, entirely exempt also from 
Phylloxera; but it cannot be grown north of 
the Carolinas, Tennessee and Arkansas, nor 
even in Texas. Mr. Onderdonk, whose nurser- 
ies are farther south than any other in the 
United States, says about the Scuppernong 
grapes: "We have repeatedly tried it, and as 
frequently failed." — We would not attempt to 
grow it, even if we could, as we can raise by far 
superior grapes. 

We are aware that Southerners are very sen- 
sitive, and deem it unjust partiality, if not an 
insult, to say anything against their favorite, 
the Scuppernong — "a Divine GifV 
"Sent in the night time of sorrow and care, 

To bring back the joy that the South used to ■wear." 

Most heartily wishing that joy be brought 
back to our afflicted South, we would therefore 
refrain from any remarks in derogation of this 
Divine gift, had it not been attempted to palm 
upon the distressed people of France the Scup- 
pernong as the only salvation for reconstruct- 
ing their noble vineyards (Le Phylloxera et les 
Vignes Americaines par M. C. Le Hardy de 
Beaulieu). We shall quote, however, none but 
Southern authorities and cultivators of the Scuppernong. 

P. J. Berclcmans, of Georgia: "I could not say too 
much in praise of the Scuppernong as a wine grape. It 
is one of those things that never fail. Of course 1 do not 
compare it with the Delate are and, oilier fine flavored grapes ; 
but the question is, where, where shall we find a grape 
that will give us a profit? We have it in the Scupper- 
nong. It cannot be grown as far north as Norfolk." — 
Am. Pom. Society, 1873. 

J. E. Carleton, El Dorado, Arkansas: "The fruit is 
so healthy that it has never been known to make any 
one sick, unless he swallowed the hulls, which are very 
indigestible. I made some Scuppernong wine last year 
with very little sugar {\% lbs. to the gallon must), and 
although the grapes were not near so ripe as they 
should have been.it has a fine body. * * * It 
is called by some the 'lazy man's grape. ' I admit the 
charge and prize it the more on that account." 

Jno. E. EaMn, Washington, Arkansas; "I scarcely 
know what to say of this nondescript, which is called 
a grape. It is a coarse, tough-skinned berry, with a 
sweetish, musky flavor. The vine takes care of itself. 
Does not require and will net suffer pruning ; bears 
abundantly and has no diseases. With sugar it makes 
a very wholesome and palatable dry wine, and when 
"tomahawked" with apple brandy (shall I confess it?) 
is glorious to take. I scarcely think it a grape, but 
still a most useful fruit sui generis, and I hope will be 
cultivated extensively by those who have no inclina- 
tion for the more troublesome, and I must say, the more 
exquisite 'bunch grapes,' as it is the habit of its friends 
to call the Herhemont, the Catawba and others. Each 
to his taste." 

A. G Cool; of Georgia: "It is deficient both in fugar 
and acid, as it rates at about 10 per cent of the first, 
4 per mflle of the latter."— Grape Culturist, July, 1870. 




SCUPPERNONG. 

The Scuppernong grape was discovered by the colony 
of Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1554, on the Island of Roa- 
noke, N. C., and the original vine is said to sti;l exist 
there, being over 300 years of age. In apparance, 
wood, fruit and hab t, it is entirely distinct, or 'unique' 
as Mr. Van Buren, calls it, saying: " There is a resem- 
blance between the V. Vinifera, Labru«ca, ^Estivalis, 
Cordifolia; they will all intermingle, producing Hybrids, 
but none of them can ever be crossed with the V. Ro- 
tundifolia, which blooms two months later than either 
of the foregoing varieties. The odor of the Scupper- 
nong when ripening is delicious, and entirely distinct 
from the nigger stink of the Fox grape family." 
(Northerners must not be sensitive!) The growth of 
the vine, or rather the space over which its branches 
extend in a series of years, is aluio-t fabulous. The 
Hark of the Scuppernong is smooth, of a greyish ashey 
color, variegated with many small, dot-like specks of 
lighter hue; the wood is hard, close-textured, firm; the 
roots white or creamy. The leaves, before dropping in 
autumn, become of a brilliant yellow. 

Bunch or cluster consisting usually of only about 4 
to 6, rarely more, large, thick skinned, pulpy berries. 
These are ripening in August and September; not all 
at the same time, but are falling off successively when 
ripe, by shaking th© vine, and they are thus gathered 
from the ground. Color yellowish, somewhat bronzed 
when fully ripe. The pulp is sweet, juicy, vinous, 
with a musky scent and flavor — a delicate perfume to 
some tastes, repugnant to others. With the addition of 
sugar or spirits, or both, it makes a good, pleasant cor- 
dial of fine aroma. The French wine judges at the 
Congres held in 1874 atMontpellier, pronounced all toe 
Scuppernong wines there "fort peu agreable," some 
even "d'un gout desagreable." 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



75 



Senasqua. A hybrid raised by 
Stephen Underhill, Croton Point, N. 
Y., from Concord and Black Prince. 
Seed was planted in 1863 and the vine 
bore its first fruit in 1865. Bunch and 
berry varying from medium to large; 
the bunch is very compact, so much so, 
as to cause the berries to crack ; color 
black with blue bloom; quality best. 
The fruit has the peculiar fleshy char- 
acter of certain foreign grapes, with a 
brisk, vinous flavor. The vine is vig- 
orous and productive, in rich soil ; 
moderately hardy. The leaf is very 
firm, and shows no trace of foreign or- 
igin, except when it ripens, at which 
time, instead of the yellow of the Con- 
cord it takes on the crimson color of 
the mature leaf of the Black Prince. 
With us, at Bushberg, it did not suc- 
ceed so well, and is not near as desira- 
ble as Underbill's new grapes, the 
Black Eagle and Black Defiance. The 
originator himself does not recommend 
the Senasqua as a profitable grape for 
market purposes, as it is rather late in 
ripening (a few days after Concord), 
but only as a fine and valuable ama- 
teur fruit. As such it is of first rank, 
" of the highest quality to those who 
appreciate life and brilliancy in a 
grape." — We give in annexed figure, 
the likeness of a medium-sized cluster. 



Taylor or Bullit. (often called Taylor's 
Bullit,) {Cord.) Introduced to notice by Judge 
Taylor, of Jeiicho, Henry County, Kentucky. 
It is generally considered very unproductive. 
It seems that the vines of this variety require 
age, and spur pruning on old wood to make it 
produce well. Mr. Husmann says: 

"Give the vine plenty of room and plenty to 
do, i. e., prune it long and we think it will bear 
satisfactory crops when four years old." 

We tried it in vain. 

Mr. Samuel Miller suggests to plant the Clin- 
ton among Taylor to fertilize them, but we find 
the benefits resulting from this system also in- 
sufficient to balance its many inconveniences ; 
and yet we have seen Taylor vines grown by 
themselves on the "Souche" plan (the shape of 
a small weeping-willow tree, allowing the canes 
to grow from the top and not from the base of 
the main trunk, spur pruning in winter but not 
suppressing the growth by summer pruning) 
produce from 5 to 10 lbs. per vine. The bunches 




SENASQUA. 

are small, but compact and sometimes shoul- 
dered; berry small, white to pale amber, turn- 
ing even to pale red, like Delaware when 
perfectly ripe, round, sweet aud without pulp. 
Skin translucent, very thin but tough. Vine a 
very strong, rampant grower, healthy and very 
hardy. Roots comparatively few, wiry and 
very tough, with a thin, hard liber. The young 
spongioles will push as rapidly as the Phyllox- 
era can destroy them ; hence this variety pos- 
sesses great power of resistance to the insect. 
Its wine is of good body and fine flavor, more 
closely resembling the celebrated Riesling of 
the Rhine than perhaps any other of our Amer- 
ican varieties. Some very promising seedlings 
of the Taylor are now introduced. See Elvira. 

Telegraph. (Labr.) A seedling raised by 
a Mr. Christine, near Westchester, Chester Co., 
Pa., and named by P. R. Freas, editor of 
the Germantown Telegraph (one of the best 
agricultural papers in the East). An attempt 



76 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



was afterwards made to change its name to 
Christine, but did not prevail. Mr. Sam. Mil- 
ler, of Bluffton, says it is one of the most prom- 
ising of all the new early grapes, and we con- 
sider it as far better than Hartford Prolific. 
Bunch medium, very compact, shouldered; 
berry medium, oval, black, with blue bloom ; 
flesh juicy, with very little pulp, spicy and of 
good quality; ripens almost as early as Hart- 
ford Prolific. A constant and reliable bearer, 
but often lost by rot, especially in the South- 
west. Vine a healthy, vigorous grower, in rich 
soil. Boots very abundant, heavy, and remark- 
ably fibrous, with thick but rather firm liber. 
Canes stout, of average length, crooked at the 
joint, with the usual number of laterals. Wood 
hard with medium pith. 

Theodosia. A chance seedling in the grounds of 
B. S. Salisbury, Adams, N. Y., said to be an ^Estivalis. 
According to Mr. S. the bunch is very compact; berries 
black, in size between Delaware and Creveling, quite 
tart, very early, and claimed to be a good wine grape. 
But at a grape test held at Hammondsport, October 12, 
1870, the report showed for Theodosia the lowest 
amount of sugar, 63%° by Oechsles' scale, with over 11 
per mill. acid. 

Tnonias. A new variety of the Scuppernong species, 
discovered and introduced by Mr. Drury Thomas, of 
S. C, and thus described : "In color it varies from red- 
dish purple to deep black; has a thin skin; sweet and 
tender flesh; is less in size than the Scuppernong, makes 
a fine wine, and is superior for the table. Ripens with 
the Scuppernong. 

To-Kalon. Syn: Wyman, Spofford Sdlg., 
Carter. (Labr.) Originated at Lansingburg, 
N. Y., by Dr. Spoflbrd, and was at first supposed 
to be identical with the Catawba. C. Downing 
showed that it was entirely distinct and at first 
highly recommended it for general cultivation, 
but soon afterwards found that it drops its fruit, 
is inclined to rot, does not ripen well, and mil- 
dews badly, and so stated ; admitting, however, 
that "this grape is very fine, when you can get 
it." Bunch medium to large, shouldered, com- 
pact; berries varying in form from oval to ob- 
late, nearly black in color, and profusely cov- 
ered with bloom ; flesh sweet, buttery and lus- 
cious, without foxiness in its aroma and with 
but little toughness or acidity in its pulp. An 
early but a shy bearer. 

Talman's Seedling:, or Tollman. (Labr.) 
Grown in Western New York, as an early mar- 
ket grape, closely resembling Hartford. 
Bunch medium to large, compact, shouldered ; 
berry large, black, adheres to the stem. Skin 
thick and firm ; flesh sweet, juicy, somewhat 
pulpy, with slight foxy flavor; vine a very rank 



vigorous grower, perfectly hardy and healthy 
and very productive; said to ripen a week ear- 
lier than Hartford; quality not very good, yet 
by some preferred to Hartford. The same va- 
riety was said to have been sent out under the 
name of "Champion" as a new variety, but its 
proprietor, R. J. Donnelly, of Rochester, claims 
that his " Early Champion " is a new grape, ri- 
pening two weeks before the Tolman, or any 
other, and he is permitted to refer to EUwanger 
& Barry, Hooker, and other high-standing Hor- 
ticulturists who have seen the grape growing. 

Triumph. (Campbell's Concord Hybrid 
No. 6.) Is pronounced by Mr. Samuel Miller, 
to whom Mr. Campbell confided this new vari- 
ety for testing and "propagation in Missouri, as 
the most promising of all the white grapes. It 
is a cross between Concord and Chasselas 
Mosquee, (Syn. Joslyn's St. Albans.) Like his 
Concord Muscat, it has retained, even more than 
this, the vigor and general habit of foliage and 
growth of its parent; its fruit however, is wholly 
free from any vestige of coarseness or fox flavor, 
or smell. Bunch and berry are very large; 
color white ; skin thin , no pulp ; small seeds 
and few of them; ripens later than Concord, 
(Sept. 1C, here,) nearly as late as Catawba, and 
on that account not recommended for the North 
or for any locality where the season is too short 
to ripen the Catawba or Herbemont, but the 
more valuable further South; quality first rate; 
vine healthy and hardy, very productive and 
free from disease, showing no rot when even 
Concord rotted more or less. He predicts a 
splendid career for this variety, and we ourselves 
wish and hope that its success may justify its 
name. 

Uhland. A new seedling from the Louisi- 
ana, raised by Fr. Munch, and considered by 
him the most hardy and prolific, and conse- 
quently the most promising of the lot. 

Una. (Labr.) A white seedling, raised by Mr. E. 
W. Bull, the originator of the Concord. Not as good 
nor as productive as Martha. Bunch and berry small, of 
a very foxy flavor; not desirable. 

Underbill. Syn. Underhtll'8 Seedling, Un- 
derbill's Celestial. (Labr.) Originated at Charl- 
ton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Underhill; pro- 
nounced as "of no more value than many other fox 
grapes " by Mr. Fuller, but considered by G.W. Camp- 
bell to be " of more value than the lona for general cul- 
tivation.' ' Bunch medium, to large, moderately com- 
pact; berries full medium, round, of Catawba color; pulp 
tender, sweet, rich and vinous, slightly foxy; ripens 
early, about with the Concord; vine a strong grower, 
hardy, healthy and productive. Not yet tested here. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



77 



Union Village. Syn. Shaker, Ontario. 
(Labr.) Originated among the Shakers at Un- 
ion Village, Ohio. One of the largest of the 
native grapes we have, and one of the strongest 
growing vines. It is said to be a seedling of the 
Isabella, scarcely better in quality, but the 
bunches and berries are of the size of the Black 
Hamburgs. Bunches large, compact, shoul- 
dered; berries very large, black, oblong; skin 
thin, covered with bloom; flesh quite sweet 
when fully ripe, and of tolerably good quality; 
ripens late and unevenly. Vine a coarse grower 
but tender, requires protection in severe win- 
ters; often unhealthy. 

Drbana. (Labr.) Bunch medium, short, shoul- 
dered; berry medium to large, round, white-yellowish 
in the sun, juicy, vinous acid; hard centre, aromatic 
skin. Ripens about with Isabella. — Downing. 

Venango, or Minor's Seedling. (Labr.) 
An old variety, said to have been cultivated by 
the French at Fort Venango, on Alleghany 
river, some eighty years since. Bunch medium, 
compact; berries above medium, round, often 
flattened by their compactness, color pale red, 
a fine white bloom; skin thick; flesh sweet, but 
pulpy and foxy ; vine a vigorous grower, very 
hardy, healthy and productive. 

Victoria. Ray's (Labr.) This new variety is being 
introduced (1871—1872) by Mr. M. M. Samuels of Clin- 
ton, Ky., who describes it as follows: " Munches and 
berries medium size, round, light amber color; skin 
thin; pulp tender, sweet and highly flavored; vines per- 
fectly healthy; abundant bearer, and a good, but not 
rampant grower." This grape has been tested for a 
number of years by a few individuals, in different parts 
of the South, and has, even under adverse circumstances 
been free from both mildew and rot; it ripens there 
about the middle of August, and was pronounced an 
excellent table grape, making also a superior wine. 

We find it quite similar to Perkins. 

Weehawken. Raised by Dr. Chas. Siedhof 
of North Hoboken, N. J., from a seed of a grape 
from the Crimea — V. Vinifera. A white grape 
of fine quality. 

Its foliage is very handsome, and decidedly 
foreign in character; its fruit fine; but only by 
grafting it on native roots, and careful nursing 
and covering in winter can we obtain some of 
it in favorable seasons. 

White Delaware. A pure Delaware seed- 
ling, originated with Mr. Geo. W. Campbell, of 
Delaware, O., of whom we received a few vines 
of this variety in 1873. 

The vine is claimed to be much more vigor- 
ous and robust in habit than the Delaware under 
the same conditions and circumstances ; its foli- 
age is large, thick and heavy, resembling that 



of Catawba more than Delaware. With him it 
has so far resisted both mildew and rot in very 
unfavorable seasons, and has matured its fruit 
perfectly when both Concord and Delaware 
were destroyed. In flavor it seems to Mr. 
Campbell all that can be desired, even superior 
to the old Delaware. Its only fault, he says, is 
want of size ; the berries and bunches will both 
rather fall below than go above the size of Del- 
aware. In form of bunch and berry it is like 
the Delaware, compact and shouldered; color 
greenish-ivhite, with thin white bloom. Produc- 
tive, but apparently not as subject to overbear 
as the Delaware. 

If its more vigorous habit should make this 
new variety succeed in localities where the Del- 
aware fails, then the want of size would not 
prevent, in our opinion, its becoming a very 
valuable vineyard grape. "We consider it wor- 
thy of trial. 

Another White Delaware seedling has been 
raised by Mr. Herm. Yaeger of Neosho; while 
the bunch and berries closely resemble the Del- 
aware in shape and size, it has otherwise every 
characteristic of a Labrusca. 

Whitehall. (Labr.) A new, early black grape, 
supposed to be a chance seedling, originated on the 
grounds of Mr. George Goodale, in Whitehall, Wash 
ington Co., N. Y. and said to be nearly three weeks 
aheau of the Hartford Prolific! Messrs. Merrell & 
Coleman, who have propagated and now offer this new 
grape, describe the Iruit to be the size of the Isabella; 
bunch large and moderately compact, color dark pur- 
ple; berries thin skinned, and adhering well to the stem ; 
pulp tender, melting and sweet. The vine is said to be 
a good grower, hardy and free from mildew. 

This variety may most likely be worthy the attention 
of grape growers in search of very early sorts. 

Wilmington. (?) A white grape, originated on 
the farm of Mr. Jeffries , near Wilmington , Del. , Vine 
very vigorous, hardy. Bunches large, loose, shoulder- 
ed; berries lar^e, round, inclining to oval, green- 
ish-white, or when fully ripe, yellowish. Flesh acid ; 
pungent, not desirable at the north— may be better 
south. Ripens late. — Downing. 

Wilmington Red. Syn : WYOMING RED. (Labr.) 
Raised and disseminated by S. J. Parker, M. D., Ithaca, 
N. Y., and according to Fuller, " nothing more than an 
early red lox grape, but little better than the old Nor- 
thern Muscadine." The Horticulturist, of Nov. 1874, 
speaks of the Wyoming Red (probably the more correct 
name of Dr. Parker's red fox grape seedling) as being 
rapidly ditlused and much in demand there, as an early 
profitable grape. 

Winslow. (Cord) Originated in the garden of 
Charles Winslow, Cleveland, O. The vine resembles 
Clinton, is hardy and productive; the fruit matures 
very early, and is less acid than Clinton; bunch medium, 
compact; berry small, round, black. Flesh reddish 
tinge, some pulp, vinous, juicy. — Downing. 



78 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 




THE WALTER GRAPE. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



79 



Walter. (Labr.) Raised by that enthusias- 
tic horticulturist, Mr. A. J. Cay wood, of Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., crossing the Delaware with the 
Diana. From the many premiums awarded to 
this grape, from the favorable reports by all 
who have seen or tested it for wine, it may well 
claim to be a first class grape, and to merit a 
trial wherever American grapes are successfully 
grown. It labors yet under the disadvantage of 
having been represent3d as the climax of per- 
fection, or, at least, as being superior to all 
other American varieties, by its originator. In 
justice to the latter, however, it must be admit- 
ted that he honestly believes all he claims for 
his seedling, and has distributed the same with 
a liberality and a disinterestedness scarcely ever 
equalled by any originator of a new variety. It 
is now growing in almost every soil and loca- 
tion of this Union, and the opinions on its true 
merits and adaptability for general cultivation 
widely differ according to localities. In those 
where vines are much subject to mildew, the 
Walter cannot flourish, it drops its foliage, and 
is far from desirable ; but in favorable localities, 
especially where the Delaware succeeds well, 
there the Walter will also prove desirable — a 
fair grower and good bearer. Even in less fa- 
vored localities it proved healthy and gave 
splendid results — when grown on Concord or 
other vigorous roots, while on its own roots it 
failed. 

In general appearance the characters of both 
the Diana and Delaware are discernible. The 
bunch and berry are of medium size, of light 
Catawba color. Flesh tender, rich and sweet, 
with an agreeable spicy flavor, strongly remind- 
ing of the Diana. The fruit is" possessed of a 
most exquisite and delicate aroma, and a bou- 
quet equalled by no other American grape that 
we know of. Quality best, both for table and 
for wine. Ripens very early, about same time 
as Delaware. Vine, in moderately rich sandy 
soil, where free from mildew and from Phyllox- 
era, a very fair grower, with dark brown, short- 
jointed wood ; large tough leaves, green on the 
upper and lower surface, not woolly ; must 99° 
to 105°; acid o to 8 per mill. 
. Wilder. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 4.) This 
promises to be one of the most profitable and 
popular varieties for the market in cultivation, 
its size and beauty being equalled by its vigor, 
hardiness and productiveness. Bunch large, 
often shouldered, sometimes weighing a pound ; 
berry large, globular; color dark purple, nearly 
black; slight bloom. Flesh tolerably tender, 
with a slight pulp, juicy, rich, pleasant and 



sweet. Ripens with, and sometimes earlier 
than the Concord, keeping for a long time. 
The vine is vigorous, hardy, healthy and pro- 
dutive; roots abundant, of medium thickness, 
straight, with a smooth, moderately firm liber. 
Canes heavy and long, with well-developed lat- 
erals. Wood firm with a medium pith. The 
figure of the Agawam (page 34), and of the 
Senasqua (page 75), may serve as fair illustra- 
tions of the form and appearance of the Wilder 
grape. 

Wylie's New Seedling Grapes. "Too much 
can scarcely be said in praise of Dr. Wylie's persevering 
effoits in the improvement of the grape." — P. J. Berck- 
mans, Chas. Downing, Thomas Meehan, W. C. Flagg, 
P. T. Quinn, Committee on Native Fruits, of the Am. 
Pomol. Society. (Proceedings 1871, page 54.) 

This testimony, and the excellent character of these 
hybrids, as regards flavor and general appearance, en- 
title them to special attention; and we give them a 
place in our Catalogue, although they have not been 
sufficiently tested, and we are now growing them under 
restrictions not to sell or give out any wood of same. 
But as soon as they will have been sufficiently tested in 
different localities and proven satisfactory, their origin- 
ator will distribute them with great liberality, though 
few persons can appreciate the immense labor and per- 
severance which his experiments have cost. As early 
as 1859 he had raised many seedlings of Delaware and 
Foreign; all have proven failures. Catawba, Isabella, 
Halifax, Union Village, Lenoir, Herbemont, and other 
hybrids, which he produced by crossing any of those 
with foreign, have nearly all failed— most of them from 
mildew and rot. Many would produce vines of healthy 
appearance, but they would fail to set their fruit. In 
1863 he had over one hundred promising seedlings; 
gave Mr. Robert Guthrie, of York County, S. C, about 
65, mostly hybrids of Halifax and Delaware. These 
flourished , and never missed a full crop ; but after some 
years Mr. Guthrie h;td to be absent, and the vines were 
entirely neglected. Mr. Wylie's own soil is a tenacious 
pipe clay, the worst for grapes, and during the war, 
owing to quartering of troops adjoining his lot, his 
vines were ruined. Thus there exist now but a few of 
those Halifax and Delaivare Hybrids saved again by Mr. 
Guthrie. In 1868 Mr. Wvlie planted about one hundred 
seedlings of Concord fertilized with foreign, and about 
fifty Diana fertilized with West's St. Peter, white Chas- 
selas and Lady Downe's Seedling. Of these many mil- 
dewed badly, some died, and he abandoned them. Af- 
ter many failures to produce seedlings of Hybrid-Scup- 
pernongs, he finally succeeded, but owing to a little 
hot house being over-heated, he again lost nearly all of 
them. He commenced anew with his experiments and 
had hundreds of new seedlings growing, when they 
were cut down by a severe frost, on the 27th of April, 
1872, a frost which killed all kinds of grape vines in 
that section. Again, in November, 1873, his resi- 
dence was burned, (no insurance) and consequently he 
had to leave his place to depredations from broken 
fences, &c. But it is now rebuilt, and Mr. Wylie is 
back again at his old place, experimenting and working 

with the same zeal and enthusiasm as ever, wishing: 



80 



BTJSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 



" If 1 were vidy young agai/t, — with the experience I have."* 
We extract the following from Mr. Wylie's letters to 
ourselves, feeling confident that it will be found inter- 
esting to grape growers, as characteristic of the origi- 
nator and his new Hybrids. ' ' I send you some scions 
for graftiug, of some of my best Hybrids. I wish you 
to give them a fair trial. I hardly think that any of 
them will prove tender with vou, except 'Jane "Wylie.' 
Those which I found most hardy, and judge to be so 
also North (from parentage) , I mark *. In describing 
my different Hybrids I always name the female parent 
first, viz: Halifax and Delaware means that Halifax is 
the female and Delaware the male parent." 

Jane Wylie. (Parentage, Clinton and Foreign.) 
Munch and berry very large; berries nearlv one inch in 
diameter; quality lest, resembling foreign in texture 
and flavor, ripens early and hangs long; might require 
winter covering in your climate and further North. 

* Clinton and Foreign, (Red Frontiguac,) No. 6. 
White, slightly red on cheek; resembles white Chasse- 
las; bunch large; berries above medium; not as early as 
Jane Wylie; wood and foliage native; seems quite 
hardy, and is of highest quality. 

Harry Wylie. A Hybrid, (label of parentage lost) 
white; bunch and berries about size of Lenoir, more 
shouldered; beautiful and excellent. 

* No. 4. A cross between two Hybrids. 

Bunch some larger than Lenoir; berry medium, of a clear 
transparent golden color; finest texture and flavor, re- 
sembling white Frontignac. Ripens as early as Con- 
cord; native foliage, but ahead of all American grapes 
in quality; considered of the highest excellence by 
Downing, Saunders, Meehan and others. 

* No. 5. (Delaware and Clinton). Bunch and 

berry larger than Delaware; color of fruit a fine pink. 
' ' Berckmans writes me that it bore well with him 
(scarcely any grape does well on his soil), says it is as 
strong and healthy a grower as Clinton (stronger with 
me); he thinks it of promise, and worthy a name. I 
am anxious for you to try it. Foliage native; does not 
rot or mildew here." 

* Garnet. (Red Frontignac and Clinton.) Bunch 
and berry larger than Clinton, of a beautiful deep garnet 
color; flavor and texture foreign, but native foliage. 

Concord and Foreign (Bowood Muscat,) No. 8. 
Black; bunch and berries very large and loose; skin thick; 
texture foreign, flavor slightly musky. A strong grower 
with large Labrusca foliage . Ripens as late as Catawba. 

Halifax and Hamburg, No. 11 . Black. Bunch 
and berry medium size; skin thick; only valuable on ac- 
count of its extreme productiveness and health; has 
never rotted in ten years. 

Peter Wylie No. 1. (Parentage: F., Halifax and 
Foreign, M., Delaware and Foreign.) White; transpa- 
rent, becoming golden yellow when lullyripe; bunches 
and berries between Delaware and Concord. A vigor- 
ous, short-jointed, rapid growing vine, with thick, na- 
tive leaves; holds its leaves and ripens its wood thor- 
oughly. (Also Peter Wylie Mo . 2, produced from seed 
of P. W. No. 1.) 

Robert Wylie. Blue; bunch large and long; berry 
large; skin thin; rich and juicy; ripens as late as Ca- 
tawba . A great bearer; one of my best, but it may not 
be quite hardy, as the wood is not very hard. 



Gill Wylie. (Concord and Foreign.) Blue; bunch 
large, loose, and much shouldered; berry large, oblong; 
texture soft and rich; ripens with Concord, but alto- 
gether superior. Intensely Labrusca in foliage, and 
clear of all disease. Considered of greatest promise. 

* Delaware and Concord No. 1. Dark red; 
bunch and berry medium; skin tolerably thick; juice rich 
and sweet, slightly musky; vine very hardy, with La- 
brusca foliage; a great bearer, never fails, and may 
make a fine wine grape. 

Herbemont Hybrid. (Halifax and Foreign No. 1 
and Herbemont No. 2.) Dark blue; bunch and berry 
medium; one of the most tender, sweet, and high-fla- 
vored grapes in the collection. A healthy vine, hardy 
here. 

Hybrid Scuppernong No. 5. (Parentage: F., 
Bland Madeira and Foreign No. 1; M., Stamminate Hy- 
brid Scuppernong; produced by impregnating Black 
Hamburg with Scuppernong.) So, you see, it is only a 
quarter blood Scuppernong. I have never yet had a 
half breed Scuppernong to bear perfect fruit. The 
vine is healthy and hardy here; it bears a white, trans- 
parent, fruit. Bunch medium, berries large; skin thin, 
but tough; almost pulpless, rich, sweet, with a peculiar 
flavor; appears to ripen its berries together (as early as 
Concord) and adhere well, which some of the Hybrid 
Scuppernong do not. I think it may suit your climate; 
it is certainly worthy of a full trial. 

Halifax and Delaware No. 30. Color of Dela- 
ware; bunch about same size; berries one-half larger; 
texture and flavor also much like Delaware, but holds 
(here) its leaves better, and is healthier generally, with 
leaves somewhat hoary underneath. A great bearer. 

Halifax and Delaware No. 38. Ofdeeperred 
color than the former, and of superior flavor, but not as 
strong a grower as No. 30. Wood hard, leaves hoary, 
and ferruginous (rusty) underneath. Mr. Guthrie tells 
me that this variety was the most preferred among 
about 80 Hybrids he had bearing. 

Halifax and Hybrid No. 55. Blue, like Hali- 
fax, but high-flavored, tender and very sweet; bunch 
and berry larger than Nos. 30 and 38. I think it will 
prove a great acquisition. 

I have sent you nearly all of my Hybrids that may be 
sufficiently hardy for your climate. There are two 
more which I would like for you to try, but the vines 
were so nearly destroyed that I have no wood worth 
sending. I still continue to Hybridize, more or less 
every year." A. P. WYLIE. 

York Madeira. Syn. Black German, Large 
German, Small German, Marion Port, Wolfe, 
Monteith, Tryon. An old variety, probably a seed- 
ling of Isabella; originated at York, Pa. Bunch medium 
sized, compact and generally has a small shoulder; btrry 
of medium size, roundish oval, black, ihickly covered 
with a light bloom; juice slightly reddened, sweet, vin- 
ous, not very rich; skin somewhat pungent and not 
much toughness in its pulp»when fully ripe, which is 
about same time with Isabella. The vine is not very 
hardy, short-jointed, moderately vigorous and produc- 
tive, but often losing its leaves, and consequently fail- 
ing to ripen its crop. Charles Canby of Wilmington, 
Del., introduced the same variety as Canby' s August. 
Hyde's Eliza (Catskill, N. Y.,) is probably also the 
same grape. 



CONTENTS 



I. MANUAL. 



Page 

Climate, Soil and Aspect ; Meterological and other influences affecting the Grape 1 

Historical Notes. Attempts to cultivate the European Grape; their failure. Why we must look to 

indigenous species for success 2, 3 

Classification of the trwe Grape-vines of the United States, by Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis,Mo., 

with our Viticultural Remarks, and a table of Grape-seeds 4 — 12 

Location. Preparing the soil; Planting; Number of Vines per Acre 13, 14 

Graf ting- 15—18 

Planting:. (Continued.) Heeling in; Manure 18 

Training-. Treatment during first year. Trellis or Stakes. Cultivating 19—20 

Treatment during Second and Third Seasons; Tying 21 

Spring or Summer Pruning 21 — 23 

Fall or Winter Pruning, and Subsequent Management 24 

Diseases of tlie Grape 25 

Insects Injurious to the Grape 26 

Gathering, Packing, Preserving and Wine Making 31 



II. DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



The Standard' names are in small capitals— (the more prominent varieties in LARGE CAPITALS) ; the Synonymous 
names in Italics; Discarded old varieties, and undisseminated novelties, in ordinary type. 
Varieties marked by a * are illustrated. 



Paine. 

Adirondac 33 

Adelaide 35 

Advance 33 

AGAWAM* 34 

Aiken 60 

Albino 35 

Aletha 35 

Alexander 33 

Allen's Hybrids 35 

Alvey 35 

Amanda 35 

Amoureux 71 

AMLN1A 35 

Anna 35 

Arnold's Hybrids 36 

Arnolds Hybrid, No. 1 69 

Arnold's Hybrid, No. 2* 44 

Arnold's Hybrid, No. 5* 36 

Arnold's Hybdid, No. 8* 39 

Arnold ' s Hybrid, No , 16* . . . . 40 

Arrot ....36, 41 

Aughwick 36 

August Pioneer 36 

Autuchon* 36 

Baker (Isabella) 60 

Baldwin Lenoir 36 

Balsiger's No. 32 43 

Barnes 36 

Barry 37 

Baxter 37 

Belvidere 37 

Berks 37 

Birds Egg 37 

Black Cape 33 

Black Defiance 37 

Black Eagle* 37—38 

Black German 80 

Black Hawk 37 

Black July 48 

Black King 37 

Black Muscadine 64 

Black Spanish 69 



Page. 

Bland 37 

Bland's Madeira 37 

Bland's Pale lied 37 

Bland' s Virginia 37 

Blood's Black 37 

Bloom 43 

Blue Dyer 37 

Blue Favorite 37 

Blue Grape 48 

Blue Imperial 37 

Bogue ' s Eureka 60 

Bottsi 39 

Brandt* 39 

Brandy wine 2 

Brinkle 2 

Brighton 39 

Brcwn 60 

Bull or Bullace* 73 

Bullit (Taylor) 75 

Burgundy of Ga 70 

Burroughs' 39 

Burton's Early 39 

Cambridge 39 

Camden 39 

Canada* 40 

Lanby' s August 80 

Gape 33 

Garter 76 

Cassady .. 41 

CATAWBA 40 

Catawba Tokay 40 

Gatawisfa 41 , 43 

Challenge 41 

Champion, Early. 41, 76 

Charlotte* 41, 50 

Charter Oak 41 

Christie's Improved 60 

Christine 75 

Cigar Box 69 

Clara* 41 

Claret 41 

Clifton's Constantia 33 



Page 

CLINTON 42 

Cloanthe 60 

Clover Street Black 41 

Clover Street Red 42 

Columbia 42 

Columbia County 43 

CONCORD 42 

Concord Chasselas 43 

Concord Muscat 44 

Concord Hybrid, No. 6 76 

Constantia 33 

Conqueror 44 

Cornucopia* 44 

Cottage 43 

Cowan. 43 

Creveling 43 

(JROTON 45 

CUNNINGHAM* 45, 46 

Cuyahoga 44 

CYiNTHIANA* 47 

Dana 48 

DELAWARE* 49 

Delaware Hybrids 13, 80 

Detroit 48 

Devereux 48 

DIANA* 50 

Diana Hamburg 48 

Don Juan 48 

Downing 51 

Dracut Amber 51 

Early Champion 41, 76 

Early Hudson 51 

Elizabeth 51 

Elsinburgh 51 

Elsinhoro ' 51 

ELVIRA: 51 

Emily... 2 

Essex 51 

EUMELAN* 52 

Eureka 54 

Eva 43 



BTJSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Fancher 40 

Flora 54 

Flowers 54 

Flower of Missouri 54 

Framingham 54 

Franklin 54 

Gaertnkr 54 

Garnet 80 

Garber's Albino 35 

Giant Leaf 71 

GOETHE* 53, 54 

Golden Clinton 54 

Golden Concord 43 

Graham * 54 

Greeneastle 65 

Hagar 35 

Halifax Hybrids 80 

Hart 48 

Hartford Prolific 54 

Hattie 56 

HERBEMONT* 55 

Herbemont' s Madeira 55 

Herbeinont Hybrid 80 

Herbert 56 

HERMANN* 56—58 

Hermann Seedling 58 

Hettie 56 

Hine* 58 

Howell 59 

Hudson 60 

Humboldt 59 

Huntingdon 59 

Husson 48 

Hyde's Eliza 59, 80 

Imperial 59 

ION A 60 

Irving* 59 

Isabella 60 

Israella . . .• 60 

Italian Wine Grape* 49 

Ithaca 59 

IVES* 60, 6L 

Ives Seedling 61 

Jack, Jaques or Jaquez 69 

Kalamazoo 61 

Katarka 2 

Keller's White 41 

Keuha 67 

Kilvingion 61 

King 54 

King William 65 

Kingsessing 61 

Kitchen 61 

Kittredge* 60 

Labe 61 

Lady* 61 

Lee ' s Isabella 60 

Lehigh 37 

Lenoir 63 

Lincoln 48 

LlNDLEY. 63 

Logan . . 63 

Louisa 60 

LOUISIANA 63 

Luna 65 

Lydia 63 

Lyman 63 

.M acedonia 43 

Maguire 65 

Main Grape 42 

Mammoth Catawba 41 

Manhattan . . 65 

Marine's Seedlings 65 

Marion 65 

Marion Fort 80 



Page. 

MARTHA* 64 

Mary.. 65 

Mary Ann 65 

Massasoit 65 

m axatawney* 65 

McCowan 43 

McLean 48 

McNeil 64 

Meads Seedling 41 

Merceron 41 

Merrimac 66 

Mianna 65 

Miles 66 

Minor's Seedling 77 

Missouri 66 

Modena 42 

Monteith 80 

Montgomery 2 

Mottled* 66 

Mount Lebanon 66 

Muench ' s Seedlings 63 

Neff 67 

Neil Grape 55 

NEOSHO. 67 

Nerluton 65 

Newark 67 

Newport 67 

N ouantum 60 

North America 67 

N orth Carolina* 67 

Northern Muscadine 67 

NORTON 68 

Norton' s Virginia 68 

Ohio . . .-. 69 

Omega 41 

Onondaga 69 

Ontario 77 

Oporto 69 

Othello 69 

Paign's Isabella 60 

Pauline 70 

Payne '8 Early 60 

Paxton 42 

Perkins* 70 

Pioneer 60 

Pollock 71 

Poivell 37 

Putnam 71 

Quassaic 71 

Raabe 71 

Raritan 71 

Rebecca 71 

Red Flben 71 

Red Lenoir 70 

Red, Muncy 40 

Red River* 47 

Rentz 71 

Requa 71 

Rickett's Seedlings 73 

Riesenblatt 71 

Roanoke* 73 

Roger t' Hybrid, No. 1* . . 54 

" 2 .... 72 

" " " 3 .... 65 

" " " 4 79 

" " " 5 .... 72 

" " "8*.... 72 

" " " 9 .... 63 

" " " 14 .... 54 

" " "15*.... 34 

" " '< 19 .... 66 

" " " 28 .... 71 

" " " 39 .... 35 

" " 41 .... 51 

" " 43 .... 37 

" " " 44 .... 56 

" " " 53 .... 72 



Rothrock 

RULANDER. 



Page. 

33 

71 

SALEM 72 

Sanbomton 60 

Saratoga 41 

Schiller 73 

Schuylkill Muscadel 33 

Scuppernong* 73 , 74 

Scuppernong Hybrid 80 

Secretary* 73 

Segar Box 69 

Senasqua* 75 

Seneca 73 

Shaker 77 

Sheppard's Delaware 50 

S herman 64 

Sherry 48 

Singleton 40 

Small German 80 

Smart' s Elsinboro' 51 

Spofford Seedling 76 

Spring Mill Oonstantia 33 

St. Catherine 73 

St. Genevieve 71 

Talman' s Seedling 76 

oo 

75 

75 

41 

75 

76 

76 

48 

76 

76 

76 

60 

80 

48 



Taskers' Grape 

Taylor 

Taylor' s Bullit 

Tekoma 

Telegraph.. 

Theodosia 

Thomas 

Thurmond 

To-Kalon... 

TOLMAN 

TRIUMPH. . 

Trowbridge .... 

Try on 

Tuley 



U. B 65 

Uhland 76 

Una 76 

Underhill 76 

Underhill's Hybrids 37, 59, 75 

Union Village 77 

Urbana 77 



Venango 

Vevay 

Victoria, Ray's. 



77 

33 

77 

WALTER* 79 

Warren 55 

Warrenton 55 

Weehawken 77 

Weniple 44 

White Cape 33 

White Delaware 77 

White Catawba 41 

Whitehall 77 

White Muscadine* 73 

WILDER 79 

Wilmington 77 

Wilmington Red 77 

Winne 33 

Winslow 77 

Wolfe 80 

Woodward 60 

Worden's Seedling 42 

Worthington 42 

Wright's Isabella 60 

Wylie s Hybrids. 79, 80 

Wyman 76 

Wyoming Red 77 



Yellow Muscadine*. 

York Lisbonne 

York Madeira 

Young America 



73 
33 
80 
42 



BUSHBBRG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 



From the Celebrated Factory of the 

GORHAM MANUFACTURING CO. 



II^IEIRIIVCOID, CTA-CO A.IRID &c 09 

Nos. 401 and 403 North 4th, corner Locust St., 
Odd Fellows' Hall, - - ■ ST. LOUIS, 

Invite an inspection of their magnificent stock of Silver-ware from the above factory, (whose 
wares excel all others in beauty, elegance and quality,) consisting in part of 

Spoon and Pork Ware, Tea Sets, Urns, Waiters, Cake Stands, Fruit 

Bowls, Card Receivers, Fish, Cake, Crumb, Pie and Pickle Knives, 

Berry, Preserve, Salad and Olive Spoons, Oyster, Fish, 

Salad and Pickle Forks, etc., etc. 

A large proportion of this elegant stock is specially designed for 

and is handsomely cased in beautiful Morocco and Walnut boxes. Be certain to inspect this stock 
before purchasing. 

Send for Illustrated Price List of Silver-ware and Watches, 
CORNER OF 4TH AND LOCUST STREETS. 



"THE LUDLOW-SAYLOR WIRE CO." 

219 & 221 Market Street, ST. LOUIS, MO. 

Manufacturers and Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 

Wire, Wire-Cloth, Wire-Rope, 

FENCES AND RAILINGS, SIEVES AND RIDDLES, CAGES, 

Rat and Mouse Traps, Sand, Coal and Ore Screens, and Wire Goods of Every Description. 
FENCE and TRELLIS WIRE and STAPLES 

Of all sizes and of best quality always on hand and at lowest prices. Plain and ornamental wire work made to 

order in superior style. 



TOBIAS WEIGOLD, 



1618 Jackson Street, ST. L.OUIS, MO. 

Offers his services to Wine Dealers as manufacturer of 

All kinds of CASKS, FERMENTING VATS, and CELLAR APPARATUS. 

He Guarantees Satisfactory Work and Lowest Prices. 

Refers to some of the principal Wine Dealers in the State of Missouri, for whom he has made Casks and Vats 
for a number of years, and especially to 1SID0R BUSH & CO., S. E. Corner 4th & Elm Streets, where CASKS 
AND VATS OE HIS MANUFACTURE can be seen by those interested in the business. 



BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE— ADTEETISBMBNTS. 



MARKET ST. PLANING MILL. 



BENJAMIN PHILIBERT. 

milbert 



J. H. JOHANNING. 



(Successors to Philibert & Brancokier.) 



Manufacturers of 



Doors, Sash and H3lind> 



i 



Door and Window Frames, Casings, Ease, Mouldings, Mantelpieces, &c. 

Dealers in Lumber and all kinds of Woodwork for Building purposes. We always have on hand 



And make to order all descriptions of Sash for Hot-houses. 



Nos 1502 to 1518 Market St., (between 15th and 16th). 

ST- LOUIS, H\£0- 

EVENS &~HOWARL\ 

C ZE3I IE L T IE ZEST ZEI A. ZMI 




8^ x 8K base ; 
2 ft. 10 in. high, $2.50. 





9 in. octagon. 
3 ft. high, $1.50. 



Fire Brick, Clay Retort and Sewer Pipe Works. 





2 in. Greenhouse Tile. ^ in> Greenhouse Tile. 

Vitrified Clay or Terra Cotta Pipes, Standard Sizes and Patterns (in 2 ft. Lengths). 

Office 916 Market St., St. Louis, Mo. 

Factory Howard Station, A. & P. B. B. [send for price list.] 



BUSHBBEG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 





t 



ESTABLISHED 1845, ^> 



Is now the oldest Seed House in the "West and i6 managed by men who were raised to the 
business. The Company are prepared to fill orders for 

GRASS and FIELD SEEDS, SEED POTATOES, 

VEGETABLE SEEDS, FLOWER SEEDS, 

TREE SEEDS, SEED GRAINS. 

Our business is managed in three Departments, 

WHOLESALE, RETAIL, and MALL ORDER DEPARTMENTS. 

All inquiries promptly answered and all orders correctly filled. Correspondence solicited by 

PLANT SEED COMPANY, 

16 & 18 North Main Street, 

ST. LOTTIS. 

JOHN KERN, 

DEALER IHKT 

O- or den, Field & ^'levuev 




1310T-,T J JL.2<T1D IBTTHIBS- 

211 Market Street, St. Louis. 



Send for Illustrated Seed Catalogue, Issued Jan» 1st. 
Send for Illustrated Bulb Catalogue, Issued Aug. 1st. 



BUSH BERG CATALOGUE— ADVERTISEMENTS. 



LANDS FOR SALE 



THE 

Atlantic & Pacific Railroad Co. 

Offer for Sale 1,200,000 Acres Fine Farming Lands in Central 

and Southwest Missouri. 

SOUTHWEST MISSOURI was not during the past season, and never has been afflicted with 
that scourge of the Northwest — the Grasshopper. 

Southwest Missouri has, on account of its Southern latitude, and of its elevation, a medium 
climate — 

LONG AND COOL SUMMERS, SHORT AND MILD WINTERS. 

Country is rolling and exceedingly healthy. Both prairie and timber land possess good soil and 
good water. 

GOOD MAEKETS ABOUND. 

Home market sustained by the mines; Southern market for cereals obtained through road leading 
direct to Texas, and first-class Northern market for stock, wheat etc., obtained at St. Louis. 

UNTO BETTER. OOTJ2SrTR"Y" FOE 



i ud ^rait ^vltim, |n(^|ted^ and all Uiflf of |tuBk|si>tng 




Prices: $2.50 to SIO.OO an Acre, 

TERMS: — One-tenth purchase money at time of sale, balance on seven years, interest only seven 
per cent. 

FREE TRANSPORTATION 

Over our road furnished purchasers through our Exploring Tickets, obtained at 

No. 25 South Fourth Street, St Louis, Mo. 

Circulars, Guides, Maps, etc., furnished gratis. Sectional Map Books, showing all unsold lands, 
sent on receipt of twenty-five cents. For farther information address 

A. L. DEANE, Land Commissioner, 

ST. ZLOTTIS, n^CO. 




BUSHBEEG C AT A LOGUE— A DVEETISEMENTS. 



Books on Grape Culta and Wine Maiing, 

PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE 

BY 

CONRAD WITTER 

st. louis, nvco. 

MUENCH, FREDERICK, School for American Grape Cul- 
ture. Brief hut thorough guide to the laying out of 
vineyards, the treatment of Vines and the produc- 
tion ot wine in North America. 
MUENCH, P., Amerihinigche Weinbauschule und Wein- 
bereitungslehre , etc. 
Either one of these books will be mailed free of post- 
age on receipt of one dollar. 

Frings, Chs. H., Die Behandlung der Amerikanischen 
Weine, die Krankheiten derselben und deren Hei- 
lung, eine Praktische, Leichtverstandliche, Anlei- 
tung junge Weine in kurzester Zeit ohne Keller- 
einrichtung Glanzhell und Flaschenreif zu uiaehen. 
On receipt o< 50 cents this book will be mailed post- 
paid to any address. 

HUSMANN, GEORGE, The Cultivation of the Native Grape 
and Manufacture of American, Wines. 
On receipt of $1.50 this book will be mailed post- 
paid to any address. 

The Rational Manufacture of American Wines, pub- 
lished by Oesterreisher & Co. 
This book will be sent free of postage on receipt of $1. 
C. WITTER keeps a large assortment of books treat- 
ing on the Culture of Grapes and Manufacture of Wines. 
Catalogues sent on application. Please address 

COXRAD WITTER, 

21 South 4th St. 

St. Louis, Mo. 



JOHN P. FLEITZ. 



JOHN J. GANAHL. 



Fleitz & Ganahl, 



DEALERS IN 



Jta, |o|te, If'alMt, flak atui. |$ 
LUMBER, 

Shingles, Latls, Fluoric, Siliug, k 

OfB.ce and Yard 

1320 JACKSON STREET, 

(Continuation of South Third St.) 

BRANCH YARD, 2007 Carondelet Avenue, 

(Opposite Lcsperancc St.) 

ST. LOTTIS, IMIO. 



Wine Growers, Brewers and Distillers 

Will find a Full Assortment of 
Oechsle's Wine and Must Scales, 

(Of Glass, Silver, and German Silver.) 
Vaporimeters, (Alembic Salleron.) 
Acidometers, (Otto's & Geisler'w) 

Saccharometers, 
Hydrometers, 
and Thermometers, 

GAUGE AND WANTAGE RODS, 

AT 

BLATTNER & ADAM'S, 

(Successors to J. BLATTNER.) 

OpttdCLTLS, 

220 North Fourth Street, 

s r. LOUIS, lUEO. 
Send for Price List 

H. C. HOMAN, 

manufacturer of 

:ba:r, j^utd soda 
From He Finest Sugar and Pure Rock Candy, 

ALSO OF 

FRENCH COLORING. 

No. 408 Spruce Street, 

ST. LOUIS, MO. 

^^ Special attention given to orders from Wine 
Growers and Wholesale Liquor Dealers." 



BrSHBEEG CATALOGUE— ADTEETISEMENTS. 



jQfe&lftift 



GERMAN BOOKSELLER.. 

22 South Fourth Street, 

2ST&J±J=l TIHIIE COUETHOTJSE 

St. Louis, Mo., 

Has a complete stock of German Books, com- 
prising all branches of Literature. 

Catalogues Gratis. 

Books not on hand will be imported in the 
shortest possible time. 
Correspondence Solicited. 

istzetw yoiris: prices. 



WINE BOOKS. 

I keep on hand the most select stock of 
Works on Grape Culture and Wine 
Making, viz : 

Babo, der Weinbau nach der Beihenfolge der vorkoni- 

menden Arbeiten. 
Babo, der Weinstock und seine Yarietseten. 
Babo, Anleitung zur Bereitung und Pflege des 

Weines. 
Dochnahl & Rawold. der Weiukeller. 
Sochnahl, die Kiinstliche Weinbereitung. 
Gall, das Gallisiren. Yollstaendiges Handbuch der 

"Weinbereitung. 
Goetbe, Abbildung der fiir den Weinbau werthvoll- 

sten Traubensortan. 
Hani m. das Weinbuch. Wesen, Cultur und Wirkung 

des Weines. 
Kecbt, practiscber Weinbau in Gaerten und Wein- 

bergen. 
nannfactnre. Rational, of American Wines. 
?Iulder, die Chemie des Weines. 
Neubauer, die Cbemie des Weines. 
Quarizius, Kiinstliche Darstellung moussirender 

Getrwnke (Schaumweine). 
Weingelieininisse, Zusammenstellung aller Mittel 

zur rationellen und kiinstlicben Weinbereitung. 

Orders for the abOTe will be Executed at once. 

F. ROESLEIN, 

22 South Fourth Street, 

ST. LOUIS, MO, 



STANDARD WORKS ON THE GRAPE, 

Pnblished and for Sale by 

Orange Judd Company, 

245 BROADWAY, 

New York. 



PRICE, POST-PAID. 

GRAPE CTJETURIST, $1 50 

By Andrew S. Fuller. 
Dn Brcuil's Vineyard Culture 2 00 

By John A Warder, 

C liorl t oil's Grape-Growers' Guide 75 

Harazthy's Grape Culture and Wine making 5 00 

Husnian n's Grapes and Wine 1 50 

?Iolir on the Grape- Vine 1 00 

JJly Vineyard at Lake View 1 "25 

Strong's Culture of the Grape 3 00 

ZUead's Grape Culturist 3 00 

European Vineyards, By W. J. Flagg 1 50 



STANDARD BOOKS 



OIN" 



Fruit Culture, Agriculture. Floriculture, 



FIELD SPORTS, &c. 

Among the MEW PUBLICATIONS are: 

WINDOW GARDENING $. . . 1 50 

By Henry T. Williams. 
[The most valuable book on Plants and Flowers for 
House Culture ever published. — Gardener's Chronicle.] 

Zttoney in the Garden, By P. T. Quinn 1 50 

Gardening for Profit, By Peter Henderson. . 1 50 
Practical Floriculture, By Peter Henderson 1 50 
Every Woman her own Flower Gar- 
dener, By Daisy Eyebright 50 

Forest Trees, For Shelter, Ornament, and 

Profit, By Arthur Bryant, Sr 1 50 

Either of the above books sent, post paid, on 
receipt of price, by 

ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, 
245 Broadway, N. Y. 



BUSH BERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTEXTS. 



Page. 

Fancher 40 

Flora 54 

Flowers 54 

Flower of Missouri 54 

Framingham 54 

Franklin. 54 

Gaertnek 54 

Garnet 80 

Garbtr' s Albino 35 

Giant Leaf 71 

GOETHE* 53, 54 

Golden Clinton. 54 

Golden Concord 43 

Granaui 

Greeucastle 65 

Hagar 35 

Halifax Hybrids 80 

Hart 48 

H»rtford Prolific 54 

Hattie 56 

HERBEMONT* 55 

Herbemont's Madeira 55 

Herbemont Hybrid 80 

Herbert 56 

HERMANN* 56—58 

Hermann Seedling 58 

Hettie 56 

Hine 58 

Howell 59 

Hudson 60 

Humboldt 59 

Huntingdon 59 

Husson 48 

Hyde's Eliza 59, SO 

Imperial 59 

IO>A 60 

Irvixi;* 59 

Isabella GO 

Israella 60 

Italian Mine Grape* 49 

Ithaca 59 

[VES* 

lit* Seedling. 61 

Jack, Juques or Jaquez 69 

Kahmazoo 61 

huiai ka 2 

Keller's White 41 

Weuka 07 

Kilving on. 01 

Kir,g. 54 

King William 65 

Kingsesxiog 61 

Kitchen ; .,1 

A'ittx.hjr* 60 

Labe 61 

Lady* 61 

Lee's Isabella 60 

Lehi'jh 37 

Lenoir 63 

Lincoln.. 48 

Lindley 63 

Logan 63 

Louisa 60 

LOUISIANA 63 

Luna 65 

Lydia 63 

Lyman 63 

Macedonia 43 

Maguire 65 

Main Grape 42 

Mammoth Catawba 41 

Manhattan 65 

Marine ' a Seedlings 65 

Marion 65 

Marion Port 80 



MARTHA*. . . . 




Page. 
64 
65 
65 
65 
65 
43 
48 
64 
41 
41 
66 
65 
66 
TT 
66 
42 
80 
2 

66 
06 
63 

67 
55 

07 

65 
67 

07 
00 
67 
67 
67 
68 
- 

69 
41 
69 
77 
69 
69 

60 
70 
60 

42 
70 
60 

71 

: 

71 

71 

71 
71 
71 
71 
70 
40 
47 
71 
71 
73 
71 
73 
54 
72 
65 
79 
72 
7 -j 

63 

54 
34 
66 

71 
35 
51 
37 
56 
70 


Rothrock 

KULANDER 


P *33 






71 


M 


ary Ann 




SALEM 

Saratoga 








72 


M AXATAWNEY* . . 




60 


McCowan. ... 




41 






Schiller 


73 


McNeil.. . 




Schuvlkill Muscadel 
Sccppernong* 

Segar Box 


33 


Meads Seedling 
Merkimac 




73, 74 


M 






69 


M 


ILES 




?K»A6QCA* 


75 


Minor's Seedling 

Missouri 

Modena 

Mordeith 

Montgomery 






73 


Shaker 


77 


Sheppard's Delaware 


50 

64 




40 


Mount Lebanon. 


Small German 


80 


M 


nench's Seedlings 
>ff 




Smait's Elnmboro* 

ford Seedling 


51 
76 


N( 


- Catherine 


73 

71 


Neil Grape. 

NEOsHO 








Taskers' Grape 

Taylor 




N< 






76 
33 


Nonantum . . . 




North America.. . . 




Ta i/lor's Bullit 

Tekoma 

Theodosia 


75 
41 

76 


North Carolina*. 




Northern Muscai 
NOR'I ON 


>INE . . 


Norton's Virginia .. 


Thomas 

Thurmond 

To-Kalon 

TOI.MAN 

TRIUMPH 

Trowbridge 

Tryon 

U. B 


76 


OHIO 

Onondaga 




48 

76 






60 


OTHELLO. .. 




80 


Pait.ink 






Pa 


yne's Early 

ERKINH* . ___ 




I'na 


70 


Pa 
Pi 


Underbill 

Cnderhill's Hybrids .... c 


70 


Pollock 




7, 59, 75 


Powell 

Putnam 


Venango 


-- 


Ra 




WALTER* 




abe 




79 


Raman 








Wamuton 










... 00 


Rt 


WEEHAWKEX 








:> 




... 7i 


Rt 


White Delaware 




Red Muncv 




77 


• Red River* 








Kickett's Seedlings, 




Whitehall 

W IF l"> F R 


77 










R< 


•jeri' Hybrid, No. 

4 . . >< 
(< 

i < ( 


1*.. 
2 

3 '.'.'. 

4 ... 

5 . . . 
8* .. 
9 ... 

14 ... 
15*... 
19 ... 
> 

39 ... 
41 .. 

43 ... 

44 ... 
53 ... 


Wilmington Red 


77 
33 








SO 


. .. 
Wright's Isabella . 


60 
42 
42 
60 


H .man 


70 
73 


» i . i 




33 


York Madeira 


80 
42 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




000 918 631 1 



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#B 



mi 



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# 



WINE CELLARS, 



AND 




S. E. CORNER FOURTH AND ELM STREETS, 



ST LO TJIS, MO. 



1 * fw m» gew we— w — » 



w^wi 



\ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRF« 

illliiil 



Hollinger Corp. 
pH8.5 



